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DOI | 10.1289/EHP1953 |
Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications | |
Lehmann, Geniece M.1; LaKind, Judy S.2,3; Davis, Matthew H.4; Hines, Erin P.1; Marchitti, Satori A.5; Alcala, Cecilia6; Lorber, Matthew7 | |
发表日期 | 2018-09-01 |
ISSN | 0091-6765 |
卷号 | 126期号:9 |
英文摘要 | BACKGROUND: Human health risk assessment methods have advanced in recent years to more accurately estimate risks associated with exposure during childhood. However, predicting risks related to infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula remains challenging. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to compile available information on infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, describe methods to characterize infant exposure and potential for health risk in the context of a risk assessment, and identify research needed to improve risk analyses based on this type of exposure and health risk information. METHODS: We reviewed recent literature on levels of environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, with a focus on data from the United States. We then selected three example publications that quantified infant exposure using breast milk or formula chemical concentrations and estimated breast milk or formula intake. The potential for health risk from these dietary exposures was then characterized by comparison with available health risk benchmarks. We identified areas of this approach in need of improvement to better characterize the potential for infant health risk from this critical exposure pathway. DISCUSSION: Measurements of chemicals In breast milk and formula arc integral to the evaluation of risk from early life dietary exposures to environmental chemicals. Risk assessments may also he informed by research investigating the impact of chemical exposure on developmental processes known to be active, and subject to disruption, during infancy, and by analysis of exposure response data specific to the infant life stage. Critical data gaps exist in all of these areas. CONCLUSIONS: Better-designed studies are needed to characterize infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and infant formula as well as to improve risk assessments of chemicals found in both foods. |
语种 | 英语 |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000449118800002 |
来源期刊 | ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
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来源机构 | 美国环保署 |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/60268 |
作者单位 | 1.US EPA, ORD, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA; 2.LaKind Associates LLC, Catonsville, MD USA; 3.Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; 4.US EPA, Off Childrens Hlth Protect, Washington, DC 20460 USA; 5.US EPA, ORD, ORISE, Athens, GA USA; 6.US EPA, ASPPH, ORD, Washington, DC 20460 USA; 7.US EPA, ORD, Washington, DC 20460 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Lehmann, Geniece M.,LaKind, Judy S.,Davis, Matthew H.,et al. Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications[J]. 美国环保署,2018,126(9). |
APA | Lehmann, Geniece M..,LaKind, Judy S..,Davis, Matthew H..,Hines, Erin P..,Marchitti, Satori A..,...&Lorber, Matthew.(2018).Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications.ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES,126(9). |
MLA | Lehmann, Geniece M.,et al."Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications".ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 126.9(2018). |
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