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DOI10.1038/jes.2017.23
Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches
DeFlorio-Barker, Stephanie1; Arnold, Benjamin F.2; Sams, Elizabeth A.1; Dufour, Alfred P.3; Colford, John M., Jr.2; Weisberg, Steven B.4; Schiff, Kenneth C.4; Wade, Timothy J.1
发表日期2018-03-01
ISSN1559-0631
卷号28期号:2页码:93-100
英文摘要

Swimming and recreating in lakes, oceans, and rivers is common, yet the literature suggests children may be at greater risk of illness following such exposures. These effects might be due to differences in immunity or differing behavioral factors such as poorer hygiene, longer exposures to, and greater ingestion of potentially contaminated water and sand. We pooled data from 12 prospective cohorts (n = 68,685) to examine exposures to potentially contaminated media such as beach water and sand among children compared with adults, and conducted a simulation using self-reported time spent in the water and volume of water swallowed per minute by age to estimate the total volume of water swallowed per swimming event by age category. Children aged 4-7 and 8-12 years had the highest exposures to water, sand, and algae compared with other age groups. Based on our simulation, we found that children (6-12 years) swallow a median of 36 ml (90th percentile = 150 ml), whereas adults aged = 35 years swallow 9 ml (90th percentile = 64 ml) per swimming event, with male children swallowing a greater amount of water compared with females. These estimates may help to reduce uncertainty surrounding routes and durations of recreational exposures and can support the development of chemical and microbial risk assessments.


英文关键词algae exposure;children;QMRA;recreational water;sand exposure
语种英语
WOS记录号WOS:000425143400001
来源期刊JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
来源机构美国环保署
文献类型期刊论文
条目标识符http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/59776
作者单位1.US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, 109 TW Alexander MC 58C, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA;
2.Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA USA;
3.US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Off Res & Dev, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA;
4.Southern Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Costa Mesa, CA USA
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GB/T 7714
DeFlorio-Barker, Stephanie,Arnold, Benjamin F.,Sams, Elizabeth A.,et al. Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches[J]. 美国环保署,2018,28(2):93-100.
APA DeFlorio-Barker, Stephanie.,Arnold, Benjamin F..,Sams, Elizabeth A..,Dufour, Alfred P..,Colford, John M., Jr..,...&Wade, Timothy J..(2018).Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches.JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY,28(2),93-100.
MLA DeFlorio-Barker, Stephanie,et al."Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches".JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 28.2(2018):93-100.
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