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DOI | 10.1186/s12940-017-0308-3 |
Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: a cohort study | |
Napier, Melanie D.1,2; Haugland, Richard3; Poole, Charles2; Dufour, Alfred P.3; Stewart, Jill R.4; Weber, David J.2,5; Varma, Manju3; Lavender, Jennifer S.3; Wade, Timothy J.1 | |
发表日期 | 2017-10-02 |
ISSN | 1476-069X |
卷号 | 16 |
英文摘要 | Background: Fecal indicator bacteria used to assess illness risks in recreational waters (e. g., Escherichia coli, Enterococci) cannot discriminate among pollution sources. To address this limitation, human-associated Bacteroides markers have been proposed, but the risk of illness associated with the presence of these markers in recreational waters is unclear. Our objective was to estimate associations between human-associated Bacteroides markers in water and self-reported illness among swimmers at 6 U. S. beaches spanning 2003-2007. Methods: We used data from a prospectively-enrolled cohort of 12,060 swimmers surveyed about beach activities and water exposure on the day of their beach visit. Ten to twelve days later, participants reported gastroinestinal, diarrheal, and respiratory illnesses experienced since the visit. Daily water samples were analyzed for the presence of human-associated Bacteroides genetic markers: HF183, BsteriF1, BuniF2, HumM2. We used model-based standardization to estimate risk differences (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed whether the presence of Bacteroides markers were modifiers of the association between general Enterococcus and illness among swimmers using interaction contrast. Results: Overall we observed inconsistent associations between the presence of Bacteroides markers and illness. There was a pattern of increased risks of gastrointestinal (RD = 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.1%, 3.7%), diarrheal (RD = 1.3%; 95% CI: -0.2%, 2.7%), and respiratory illnesses (RD = 1.1%; 95% CI: -0.2%, 2.5%) associated with BsteriF1. There was no evidence that Bacteroides markers acted as modifiers of Enterococcus and illness. Patterns were similar when stratified by water matrix. Conclusions: Quantitative measures of fecal pollution using Bacteroides, rather than presence-absence indicators, may be necessary to accurately assess human risk specific to the presence of human fecal pollution. |
英文关键词 | Recreational water quality;Fecal indicator bacteria;Gastrointestinal illness;Diarrhea;Respiratory illness;Microbial source tracking;Bacteroides |
语种 | 英语 |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000412026200001 |
来源期刊 | ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
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来源机构 | 美国环保署 |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/59504 |
作者单位 | 1.US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA; 2.Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 135 Dauer Dr,2101 McGavran Greenberg Hall,CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA; 3.US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA; 4.Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, 135 Dauer Dr,166 Rosenau Hall,CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA; 5.Univ North Carolina Hlth Care, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Bioinformat Bldg,130 Mason Farm Rd,2nd Floor, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Napier, Melanie D.,Haugland, Richard,Poole, Charles,et al. Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: a cohort study[J]. 美国环保署,2017,16. |
APA | Napier, Melanie D..,Haugland, Richard.,Poole, Charles.,Dufour, Alfred P..,Stewart, Jill R..,...&Wade, Timothy J..(2017).Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: a cohort study.ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH,16. |
MLA | Napier, Melanie D.,et al."Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: a cohort study".ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 16(2017). |
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