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DOI | 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.003 |
Total coliform and E. coli in public water systems using undisinfected ground water in the United States | |
Messner, Michael J.; Berger, Philip; Javier, Julie | |
发表日期 | 2017-06-01 |
ISSN | 1438-4639 |
卷号 | 220期号:4页码:736-743 |
英文摘要 | Public water systems (PWSs) in the United States generate total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) monitoring data, as required by the Total Coliform Rule (TCR). We analyzed data generated in 2011 by approximately 38,000 small (serving fewer than 4101 individuals) undisinfected public water systems (PWSs). We used statistical modeling to characterize a distribution of TC detection probabilities for each of nine groupings of PWSs based on system type (community, non-transient non-community, and transient non-community) and population served (less than 101, 101-1000 and 1001-4100 people). We found that among PWS types sampled in 2011, on average, undisinfected transient PWSs test positive for TC 4.3% of the time as compared with 3% for undisinfected non-transient PWSs and 2.5% for undisinfected community PWSs. Within each type of PWS, the smaller systems have higher median TC detection than the larger systems. All TC-positive samples were assayed for EC. Among TC-positive samples from small undisinfected PWSs, EC is detected in about 5% of samples, regardless of PWS type or size. We evaluated the upper tail of the TC detection probability distributions and found that significant percentages of some system types have high TC detection probabilities. For example, assuming the systems providing data are nationally-representative, then 5.0% of the similar to 50,000 small undisinfected transient PWSs in the U.S. have TC detection probabilities of 20% or more. Communities with such high TC detection probabilities may have elevated risk of acute gastrointestinal (AGI) illness - perhaps as great or greater than the attributable risk to drinking water (6-22%) calculated for 14 Wisconsin community PWSs with much lower TC detection probabilities (about 2.3%, Borchardt et al., 2012). Published by Elsevier GmbH. |
英文关键词 | Public water supply;Total coliform;Undisinfected ground water;Public health |
语种 | 英语 |
WOS记录号 | WOS:000404817300011 |
来源期刊 | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
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来源机构 | 美国环保署 |
文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/56979 |
作者单位 | US EPA, Off Water, Washington, DC 20460 USA |
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Messner, Michael J.,Berger, Philip,Javier, Julie. Total coliform and E. coli in public water systems using undisinfected ground water in the United States[J]. 美国环保署,2017,220(4):736-743. |
APA | Messner, Michael J.,Berger, Philip,&Javier, Julie.(2017).Total coliform and E. coli in public water systems using undisinfected ground water in the United States.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH,220(4),736-743. |
MLA | Messner, Michael J.,et al."Total coliform and E. coli in public water systems using undisinfected ground water in the United States".INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 220.4(2017):736-743. |
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