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| DOI | 10.6541/TJAH.202309_(55).0003 |
| The Convergence of Beliefs in Buddhism Among Han Chinese and Tibetan During the Song, Xia and Yuan Dynasties: Investigation on the Formation of Lokeshvara, Three Protectors (San Huzhu), Three Great Sages (San Dashi), and the Mani Wheel | |
| Xie Ji-sheng | |
| 发表日期 | 2023 |
| ISSN | 1023-2095 |
| 起始页码 | 119 |
| 结束页码 | + |
| 期号 | 55 |
| 英文摘要 | The Three Protectors (Rigs gSum mGon Po, or San Huzhu), which includes Chaturbhuja Lokeshvara, is the most important trinity of bodhisattvas in the Tibetan Buddhism. This combination of deities integrates the basic faith which is originally associated with the Western Pure Land (Sukhavati), and the beliefs with focus on ritual practices, teachings, and lineage in the Tibetan doctrines, creating a new representation of Avalokiteshvara. Meanwhile, the position of Guanyin in the Han-Chinese Buddhism rises and enters the Huayan system, becoming the new principal deity of the three honored ones or the three Huayan saints. Guanyin accepts the lion throne of the two previous main deities, which develops the Three Great Sages (San Dashi) with Manjushri, Guanyin and Samantabhadra in the trinity. Guanyin has then become the leading deity for the Buddhist monasteries in the Central Plains of China since the Song and the Western Xia dynasty. Though the consistency in the appearances of Lokeshvara's retinue, the Simhanada Avalokiteshvara (Avalokiteshvara of the Lion's Roar) and the Guanyin of San Dashi who is seated on a lion mount, Tibetan San Huzhu is partially integrated into the system of Han Chinese San Dahsi. This results in that the Tibetan Avalokiteshvara, the Lokeshvara, replaces the Great Compassion Guanyin or the lion-riding Shuiyue Guanyin, forming a new style of San Dashi, the trinity of Han-Tibetan fusion: Manjushri, Lokeshvara/Simhanada and Samantabhadra. After the fourteenth century, the Six-Syllable Mantra specifically refers to Lokeshvara as an equivalent name. However, it is later detached from the connection to the image of Lokeshvara and becomes the symbolic secret mantra in Tibetan Buddhism. Besides, Guanyin and Lokeshvara acquires association with the wheel of dharma (Dharmachakra) in the San Dashi-centered Huayan world. And the mantra is subsequently adopted by the same Huayan realm. Roughly in the late fifteenth century, the mantra spreads out to the Tibetan region in the form of Mani wheel, and gradually becomes one of the most important local religious practices in Tibet. |
| 关键词 | LokeshvaraRigs gSum mGon PoSan DashiDharmachakraMani wheel |
| WOS研究方向 | Art |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:001111287500003 |
| 来源期刊 | TAIDA JOURNAL OF ART HISTORY
 |
| 文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/283754 |
| 作者单位 | Zhejiang University |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Xie Ji-sheng. The Convergence of Beliefs in Buddhism Among Han Chinese and Tibetan During the Song, Xia and Yuan Dynasties: Investigation on the Formation of Lokeshvara, Three Protectors (San Huzhu), Three Great Sages (San Dashi), and the Mani Wheel[J],2023(55). |
| APA | Xie Ji-sheng.(2023).The Convergence of Beliefs in Buddhism Among Han Chinese and Tibetan During the Song, Xia and Yuan Dynasties: Investigation on the Formation of Lokeshvara, Three Protectors (San Huzhu), Three Great Sages (San Dashi), and the Mani Wheel.TAIDA JOURNAL OF ART HISTORY(55). |
| MLA | Xie Ji-sheng."The Convergence of Beliefs in Buddhism Among Han Chinese and Tibetan During the Song, Xia and Yuan Dynasties: Investigation on the Formation of Lokeshvara, Three Protectors (San Huzhu), Three Great Sages (San Dashi), and the Mani Wheel".TAIDA JOURNAL OF ART HISTORY .55(2023). |
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