气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands

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DOI	10.1016/j.aninu.2022.02.002
	The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands
	Jing, Xiaoping; Ding, Luming; Zhou, Jianwei; Huang, Xiaodan; Degen, Allan; Long, Ruijun
发表日期	2022
ISSN	2405-6383
EISSN	2405-6545
起始页码	249
结束页码	258
卷号	9
英文摘要	The yak (Bos grunniens), an indigenous herbivore raised at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m above sea level, is closely linked to more than 40 ethnic communities and plays a vital role in the ecological stability, livelihood security, socio-economic development, and ethnic cultural traditions in the Asian highlands. They provide the highlanders with meat, milk, fibres, leather and dung (fuel). They are also used as pack animals to transport goods, for travel and ploughing, and are important in many religious and traditional ceremonies. The Asian highlands are known for an extremely, harsh environment, namely low air temperature and oxygen content and high ultraviolet light and winds. Pasture availability fluc-tuates greatly, with sparse pasture of poor quality over the long seven-month cold winter. After longterm natural and artificial selections, yaks have adapted excellently to the harsh conditions: 1) by genomics, with positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response and energy metabolism; 2) anatomically, including a short tongue with a weak sense of taste, and large lung and heart; 3) physiologically, by insensitivity to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, maintaining foetal haemoglobin throughout life, and low heart rate and heat production in the cold season; 4) behaviourlly, by efficient grazing and selecting forbs with high nutritional contents; 5) by low nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance and low methane emission and nitrogen excretion, namely, 'Low-Carbon' and 'Nitrogen Saving' traits; 6) by harboring unique rumen microbiota with a distinct maturation pattern, that has co evolved with host metabolism. This review aims to provide an overview of the comprehensive adaptive strategies of the yak to the severe conditions of the highlands. A better understanding of these strategies that yaks employ to adapt to the harsh environment could be used in improving their production, breeding and management, and gaining benefits in ecosystem service and a more resilient livelihood to climate change in the Asian highlands. (c) 2022 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
英文关键词	Yak; Adaptive strategy; Grazing behaviour; Nutrient metabolism; Gastrointestinal microbiome
语种	英语
WOS研究方向	Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science ; Veterinary Sciences
WOS类目	Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED)
WOS记录号	WOS:000804469400017
来源期刊	ANIMAL NUTRITION
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/281121
作者单位	Lanzhou University; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou University; Ben Gurion University
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Jing, Xiaoping,Ding, Luming,Zhou, Jianwei,et al. The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands[J],2022,9.
APA	Jing, Xiaoping,Ding, Luming,Zhou, Jianwei,Huang, Xiaodan,Degen, Allan,&Long, Ruijun.(2022).The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands.ANIMAL NUTRITION,9.
MLA	Jing, Xiaoping,et al."The adaptive strategies of yaks to live in the Asian highlands".ANIMAL NUTRITION 9(2022).