气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Glacial Lake Area Change and Potential Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya

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DOI	10.3389/feart.2021.775195
	Glacial Lake Area Change and Potential Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya
	Rinzin, Sonam; Zhang, Guoqing; Wangchuk, Sonam
通讯作者	Zhang, GQ (通讯作者)
发表日期	2021
EISSN	2296-6463
卷号	9
英文摘要	Against the background of climate change-induced glacier melting, numerous glacial lakes are formed across high mountain areas worldwide. Existing glacial lake inventories, chiefly created using Landsat satellite imagery, mainly relate to 1990 onwards and relatively long (decadal) temporal scales. Moreover, there is a lack of robust information on the expansion and the GLOF hazard status of glacial lakes in the Bhutan Himalaya. We mapped Bhutanese glacial lakes from the 1960s to 2020, and used these data to determine their distribution patterns, expansion behavior, and GLOF hazard status. 2,187 glacial lakes (corresponding to 130.19 +/- 2.09 km(2)) were mapped from high spatial resolution (1.82-7.62 m), Corona KH-4 images from the 1960s. Using the Sentinel-2 (10 m) and Sentinel-1 (20 m x 22 m), we mapped 2,553 (151.81 +/- 7.76 km(2)), 2,566 (152.64 +/- 7.83 km(2)), 2,572 (153.94 +/- 7.83 km(2)), 2,569 (153.97 +/- 7.79 km(2)) and 2,574 (156.63 +/- 7.95 km(2)) glacial lakes in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The glacier-fed lakes were mainly present in the Phochu (22.63%) and the Kurichu (20.66%) basins. A total of 157 glacier-fed lakes have changed into non-glacier-fed lakes over the 60 years of lake evolution. Glacier-connected lakes (which constitutes 42.25% of the total glacier-fed lake) area growth accounted for 75.4% of the total expansion, reaffirming the dominant role of glacier-melt water in expanding glacial lakes. Between 2016 and 2020, 19 (4.82 km(2)) new glacial lakes were formed with an average annual expansion rate of 0.96 km(2) per year. We identified 31 lakes with a very-high and 34 with high GLOF hazard levels. These very-high to high GLOF hazard lakes were primarily located in the Phochu, Kurichu, Drangmechu, and Mochu basins. We concluded that the increasing glacier melt is the main driver of glacial lake expansion. Our results imply that extending glacial lakes studies back to the 1960s provides new insights on glacial lake evolution from glacier-fed lakes to non-glacier-fed lakes. Additionally, we reaffirmed the capacity of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to determine annual glacial lake changes. The results from this study can be a valuable basis for future glacial lake monitoring and prioritizing limited resources for GLOF mitigation programs.
关键词	LAND-TERMINATING GLACIERS MORAINE-DAMMED LAKES HIGH-MOUNTAIN ASIA CORDILLERA BLANCA ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK RISK-ASSESSMENT MASS-BALANCE RIVER-BASIN INVENTORY SUSCEPTIBILITY
英文关键词	glacial lake mapping; GLOF hazard potential; Corona KH-4; Sentinel-2; Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); Bhutan Himalaya
语种	英语
WOS研究方向	Geology
WOS类目	Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
WOS记录号	WOS:000729101700001
来源期刊	FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
来源机构	中国科学院青藏高原研究所
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/260227
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Rinzin, Sonam,Zhang, Guoqing,Wangchuk, Sonam. Glacial Lake Area Change and Potential Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya[J]. 中国科学院青藏高原研究所,2021,9.
APA	Rinzin, Sonam,Zhang, Guoqing,&Wangchuk, Sonam.(2021).Glacial Lake Area Change and Potential Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya.FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE,9.
MLA	Rinzin, Sonam,et al."Glacial Lake Area Change and Potential Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment in the Bhutan Himalaya".FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE 9(2021).