气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): COVID-19 mitigation measures and nitrogen dioxide – A quasi-experimental study of air quality in Munich, Germany

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DOI	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118089
	COVID-19 mitigation measures and nitrogen dioxide – A quasi-experimental study of air quality in Munich, Germany
	Burns J.; Hoffmann S.; Kurz C.; Laxy M.; Polus S.; Rehfuess E.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	1352-2310
卷号	246
英文摘要	Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bavarian State government announced several COVID-19 mitigation measures beginning on March 16, 2020, which likely led to a reduction in traffic and a subsequent improvement in air quality. In this study, we evaluated the short-term effect of COVID-19 mitigation measures on NO2 concentrations in Munich, Germany. Methods: We applied two quasi-experimental approaches, a controlled interrupted time-series (c-ITS) approach and a synthetic control (SC) approach. Each approach compared changes occurring in 2020 to changes occurring in 2014–2019, and accounted for weather-related and other potential confounders. We hypothesized that the largest reductions in NO2 concentrations would be observed at traffic sites, with smaller reductions at urban background sites, and even small reductions, if any, at background sites. All hypotheses, as well as the main and additional analyses were defined a priori. We also conducted post-hoc analyses to ensure that observed effects were not due to factors other than the intervention. Results: Main analyses largely supported our hypotheses. Specifically, at the two traffic sites, using the c-ITS approach we observed reductions of 9.34 μg/m3 (95% confidence interval: −23.58; 4.90) and 10.02 μg/m3 (−19.25; −0.79). Using the SC approach we observed reductions of 15.65 μg/m3 (−27.58; −4.09) and 15.1 μg/m3 (−24.82; −9.83) at these same sites. We observed effects ranging from smaller in magnitude to no effect at urban background and background sites. Additional analyses showed that the effect was largest in the first two weeks following introduction of measures, and that a 3-day lagged intervention time also showed a larger effect. Post-hoc analyses suggested that at least some of the observed effects may have been attributable to changes in air quality occurring before the intervention, as well as unusually high concentrations in January 2020. Conclusion: We applied two quasi-experimental approaches in assessing the impact of the COVID-19 mitigation measures on NO2 concentrations in Munich. Taking the 2020 pre-intervention average concentrations as a reference, we observed reductions in NO2 concentrations of approximately 15–25% and 24–36% at traffic sites, suggesting that reducing traffic may be an effective measure to reduce NO2 concentrations in heavily trafficked areas by margins which could translate to public health benefits. © 2020
关键词	Accountability Air quality COVID-19 Nitrogen dioxide Quasi-experimental study
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Air quality; Nitrogen oxides; Average concentration; Confidence interval; Effective measures; Experimental approaches; Mitigation measures; Nitrogen dioxides; Short-term effects; State governments; Urban growth; nitrogen dioxide; rain; air quality; concentration (composition); COVID-19; nitrogen dioxide; pollutant removal; public health; spatiotemporal analysis; traffic emission; air monitoring; air pressure; air quality; coronavirus disease 2019; Germany; humidity; priority journal; quasi experimental study; seasonal variation; temperature; time series analysis; traffic; weather; wind speed; Bavaria; Germany; Munich
来源期刊	ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/248710
作者单位	Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology – IBE, LMU Munich, Germany; Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Germany; Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany; Munich School of Management and Munich Center of Health Sciences, LMU Munich, Germany
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Burns J.,Hoffmann S.,Kurz C.,等. COVID-19 mitigation measures and nitrogen dioxide – A quasi-experimental study of air quality in Munich, Germany[J],2021,246.
APA	Burns J.,Hoffmann S.,Kurz C.,Laxy M.,Polus S.,&Rehfuess E..(2021).COVID-19 mitigation measures and nitrogen dioxide – A quasi-experimental study of air quality in Munich, Germany.ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT,246.
MLA	Burns J.,et al."COVID-19 mitigation measures and nitrogen dioxide – A quasi-experimental study of air quality in Munich, Germany".ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 246(2021).