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DOI	10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021
	Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production
	Wilde S.E.; Dominutti P.A.; Allen G.; Andrews S.J.; Bateson P.; Bauguitte S.J.-B.; Burton R.R.; Colfescu I.; France J.; Hopkins J.R.; Huang L.; Jones A.E.; Lachlan-Cope T.; Lee J.D.; Lewis A.C.; Mobbs S.D.; Weiss A.; Young S.; Purvis R.M.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	1680-7316
起始页码	3741
结束页码	3762
卷号	21 期号:5
英文摘要	The North Sea is Europe s key oil and gas (O&G) basin with the output currently meeting 3 %-4% of global oil supply. Despite this, there are few observational constraints on the nature of atmospheric emissions from this region, with most information derived from bottom-up inventory estimates. This study reports on airborne measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from O&G-producing regions in the North Sea. VOC source emission signatures for the primary extraction products from offshore fields (oil, gas, condensate, mixed) were determined in four geographic regions. Measured iso-pentane to n-pentane (iC5 = nC5) ratios were 0.89-1.24 for all regions, used as a confirmatory indicator of O&G activities. Light alkanes (ethane, propane, butane, pentane) were the dominant species emitted in all four regions; however, total OH reactivity was dominated by unsaturated species, such as 1,3-butadiene, despite their relatively low abundance. Benzene to toluene ratios indicated the influence of possible terrestrial combustion sources of emissions in the southern, gas-producing region of the North Sea, seen only during south or south-westerly wind episodes. However, all other regions showed a characteristic signature of O&G operations. Correlations between ethane (C2H6) and methane (CH4) confirmed O&G production to be the primary CH4 source. The enhancement ratio (1C2H6=1CH4) ranged between 0.03-0.18, indicating a spatial dependence on emissions with both wet and dry CH4 emission sources. The excess mole fraction demonstrated that deepwater oil extraction resulted in a greater proportion of emissions of higher carbon number alkanes relative to CH4, whereas gas extraction, typically from shallow waters, resulted in a less complex mix of emissions dominated by CH4. The VOC source profiles measured were similar to those in the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) for oil production, with consistency between the molar ratios of light alkanes to propane. The largest discrepancies between observations and the inventory were for mono-Aromatic compounds, highlighting that these species are not currently fully captured in the inventory. These results demonstrate the applicability of VOC measurements to distinguish unique sources within the O&G sector and give an overview of VOC speciation over the North Sea. © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	alkane; atmospheric chemistry; benzene; emission; ethane; gas field; gas production; methane; oil field; oil production; speciation (chemistry); toluene; volatile organic compound; Atlantic Ocean; Europe; North Sea; Indicator indicator
来源期刊	ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/247070
作者单位	Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wilde S.E.,Dominutti P.A.,Allen G.,et al. Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production[J],2021,21(5).
APA	Wilde S.E..,Dominutti P.A..,Allen G..,Andrews S.J..,Bateson P..,...&Purvis R.M..(2021).Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,21(5).
MLA	Wilde S.E.,et al."Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 21.5(2021).