气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea

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DOI	10.5194/acp-21-18175-2021
	Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea
	Walden J.; Pirjola L.; Laurila T.; Hatakka J.; Pettersson H.; Walden T.; Jalkanen J.-P.; Nordlund H.; Truuts T.; Meretoja M.; Kahma K.K.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	1680-7316
起始页码	18175
结束页码	18194
卷号	21 期号:24
英文摘要	Fluxes of gaseous compounds and nanoparticles were studied using micrometeorological methods at Harmaja in the Baltic Sea. The measurement site was situated beside the ship route to and from the city of Helsinki. The gradient (GR) method was used to measure fluxes of SO2, NO, NO2, O3, CO2, and Ntot (the number concentration of nanoparticles). In addition, the flux of CO2 was also measured using the eddy-covariance (EC) method. Distortion of the flow field caused by obstacles around the measurement mast was studied by applying a computation fluid dynamic (CFD) model. This was used to establish the corresponding heights in the undisturbed stream. The wind speed and the turbulent parameters at each of the established heights were then recalculated for the gradient model. The effect of waves on the boundary layer was taken into consideration, as the Monin-Obukhov theory used to calculate the fluxes is not valid in the presence of swell. Uncertainty budgets for the measurement systems were constructed to judge the reliability of the results. No clear fluxes across the air-sea nor the sea-air interface were observed for SO2, NO, NO2, NOx (= NO + NO2), O3, or CO2 using the GR method. A negative flux was observed for Ntot, with a median value of -0.23×109m-2s-1 and an uncertainty range of 31%-41%. For CO2, while both positive and negative fluxes were observed, the median value was -0.081μmolm-2s-1 with an uncertainty range of 30%-60% for the EC methods. Ship emissions were responsible for the deposition of Ntot, while they had a minor effect on CO2 deposition. The fuel sulfur content (FSC) of the marine fuel used in ships passing the site was determined from the observed ratio of the SO2 and CO2 concentrations. A typical value of 0.40±0.06% was obtained for the FSC, which is in compliance with the contemporary FSC limit value of 1% in the Baltic Sea area at the time of measurements. The method to estimate the uncertainty in the FSC was found to be accurate enough for use with the latest regulations, 0.1% (Baltic Sea area) and 0.5% (global oceans). © 2021 Jari Walden et al.
语种	英语
来源期刊	ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/246369
作者单位	Climate Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, Finland; Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Meteorological and Marine Research Program, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Air Quality Management Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Tallinn, Estonia; Environmental Protection Unit, Turku, Finland
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Walden J.,Pirjola L.,Laurila T.,et al. Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea[J],2021,21(24).
APA	Walden J..,Pirjola L..,Laurila T..,Hatakka J..,Pettersson H..,...&Kahma K.K..(2021).Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,21(24).
MLA	Walden J.,et al."Measurement report: Characterization of uncertainties in fluxes and fuel sulfur content from ship emissions in the Baltic Sea".ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 21.24(2021).