气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Air pollution surveillance systems

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DOI	10.1126/science.170.3955.289
	Air pollution surveillance systems
	Morgan G.B.; Ozolins G.; Tabor E.C.
发表日期	1970
ISSN	0036-8075
起始页码	289
结束页码	296
卷号	170 期号:3955
英文摘要	Atmospheric surveillance is necessary in order to identify airborne pollutants, to establish ambient concentrations of these pollutants, and to record their trends and patterns. Air pollutants may occur in the form of gases, liquids, and solids, both singly and in combination. Gaseous pollutants make up about 90 percent of the total mass emitted to the atmosphere with particulates and aerosols accounting for the remaining 10 percent. Small particulates are of particular importance because they may be in the respirable size range. These small particles may contain biologically active elements and compounds. Furthermore, they tend to remain in the atmosphere where they interfere with both solar and terrestrial infrared radiation, which may affect climate on a global basis. Gases and particulates may undergo a variety of reactions to produce secondary pollutants that in some cases are more toxic than the parent pollutants. This is particularly true in the case of photochemical smog. Pollutant concentrations are directly related to the density of industry and the use of fossil fuels for power and space heating. Cities that have poor ventilation or frequent temperature inversions are plagued with air pollution episodes. States have the primary responsibility for atmospheric surveillance. Surveillance systems are usually established on a city or regional basis. The federal monitoring system is to provide a base of uniform data for verification of data from the various agencies and to quantify pollutants that are difficult or expensive to measure. Presently, the operation of most of the devices and analyzers used for measuring air pollutants is based on wet chemical methods. New techniques are needed in which solid-state or advanced sensing techniques that are based upon the physical or physicochemical properties of pollutants are used. A number of new instruments are presently being developed by NAPCA. In addition, NAPCA has automated and computer-interfaced some of its more sophisticated laboratory and field instrumentation. Data presented indicate that concentrations of small particulates in the rural or nonurban parts of the country are increasing. Gaseous pollutant concentrations in center-city sites show no particular trend, an indication that downtown areas probably are, and have been for some time, source-saturated.
英文关键词	carbon monoxide; fossil fuel; nitrogen dioxide; ozone; sulfur; sulfur dioxide; aerosol; air pollution; article; autoanalysis; gas; gas chromatography; instrumentation; organization and management; United States; urban population; Aerosols; Air Pollution; Autoanalysis; Carbon Monoxide; Chromatography, Gas; Fossil Fuels; Gases; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organization and Administration; Ozone; Sulfur; Sulfur Dioxide; United States; Urban Population
语种	英语
来源期刊	Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/244818
作者单位	U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Division of Air Quality and Emission Data, Cincinnati, OH, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Morgan G.B.,Ozolins G.,Tabor E.C.. Air pollution surveillance systems[J],1970,170(3955).
APA	Morgan G.B.,Ozolins G.,&Tabor E.C..(1970).Air pollution surveillance systems.Science,170(3955).
MLA	Morgan G.B.,et al."Air pollution surveillance systems".Science 170.3955(1970).