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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2112494118
	Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes
	Waters P.D.; Patel H.R.; Ruiz-Herrera A.; Alvarez-Gonzalez L.; Lister N.C.; Simakov O.; Ezaz T.; Kaur P.; Frere C.; Grutzner F.; Georges A.; Marshall Graves J.A.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	0027-8424
卷号	118 期号:45
英文摘要	Microchromosomes, once considered unimportant shreds of the chicken genome, are gene-rich elements with a high GC content and few transposable elements. Their origin has been debated for decades. We used cytological and whole-genome sequence comparisons, and chromosome conformation capture, to trace their origin and fate in genomes of reptiles, birds, and mammals. We find that microchromosomes as well as macrochromosomes are highly conserved across birds and share synteny with single small chromosomes of the chordate amphioxus, attesting to their origin as elements of an ancient animal genome. Turtles and squamates (snakes and lizards) share different subsets of ancestral microchromosomes, having independently lost microchromosomes by fusion with other microchromosomes or macrochromosomes. Patterns of fusions were quite different in different lineages. Cytological observations show that microchromosomes in all lineages are spatially separated into a central compartment at interphase and during mitosis and meiosis. This reflects higher interaction between microchromosomes than with macrochromosomes, as observed by chromosome conformation capture, and suggests some functional coherence. In highly rearranged genomes fused microchromosomes retain most ancestral characteristics, but these may erode over evolutionary time; surprisingly, de novo microchromosomes have rapidly adopted high interaction. Some chromosomes of early-branching monotreme mammals align to several bird microchromosomes, suggesting multiple microchromosome fusions in a mammalian ancestor. Subsequently, multiple rearrangements fueled the extraordinary karyotypic diversity of therian mammals. Thus, microchromosomes, far from being aberrant genetic elements, represent fundamental building blocks of amniote chromosomes, and it is mammals, rather than reptiles and birds, that are atypical. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Amphioxus; Chromosome conformation; Microchromosome origin; Vertebrate chromosome evolution; Whole-genome alignment
语种	英语
scopus关键词	article; bird; Branchiostoma; gene rearrangement; interphase; lizard; meiosis; microchromosome; mitosis; monotreme; nonhuman; protein conformation; snake; synteny; therian; turtle
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/238765
作者单位	School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, UNSWSydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Spain; Genome Integrity and Instability Group, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193, Spain; Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1010, Austria; Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Global Change Ecology Research Group, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Life Sciences, ...
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Waters P.D.,Patel H.R.,Ruiz-Herrera A.,et al. Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes[J],2021,118(45).
APA	Waters P.D..,Patel H.R..,Ruiz-Herrera A..,Alvarez-Gonzalez L..,Lister N.C..,...&Marshall Graves J.A..(2021).Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(45).
MLA	Waters P.D.,et al."Microchromosomes are building blocks of bird, reptile, and mammal chromosomes".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.45(2021).