气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2100885118
	Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects
	Fulcher K.; Serpico M.; Taylor J.H.; Stacey R.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	0027-8424
卷号	118 期号:18
英文摘要	Black organic coatings and ritual deposits on ancient Egyptian coffins and cartonnage cases are important and understudied sources of evidence about the rituals of funerary practice. Sometimes, the coatings were applied extensively over the surface of the coffin, resembling paint; in other cases, they were poured over the mummy case or wrapped body, presumably as part of a funerary ritual. For this study, multiple samples of black coatings and ritual liquids were taken from 20 Egyptian funerary items dating to a specific time period (c. 943 to 716 BC). Multiple sampling from each object enabled several comparisons to be made: the variability of the black coating within one application, the variability between two applications on one object, and the variability from object to object. All samples were analyzed for lipids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 51 samples from across the 20 items were further analyzed for the presence of bitumen using solid phase separation followed by selected ion monitoring GC-MS. The majority of the black substances were found to comprise a complex mixture of organic materials, including bitumen from the Dead Sea, conifer resin, and Pistacia resin, providing evidence for a continuation in international trade between Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean after the Late Bronze Age. Both the coating and the anointing liquid are very similar to mummification balms, pointing to parallels with Egyptian embalming rituals and raising questions about the practical aspects of Egyptian funerary practice. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Ancient Egypt; Archaeology; Chromatography; Coffins; Mass spectrometry
语种	英语
scopus关键词	asphalt; resin; ancient Egypt; Article; Bronze Age; chemical analysis; coating (procedure); conifer; Dead Sea; Egypt; ion monitoring; mass fragmentography; Pistacia; priority journal; ritual; separation technique; solid
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/238582
作者单位	Scientific Research, British Museum, London, WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom; Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom; Department of Egypt and Sudan, British Museum, London, WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Fulcher K.,Serpico M.,Taylor J.H.,et al. Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects[J],2021,118(18).
APA	Fulcher K.,Serpico M.,Taylor J.H.,&Stacey R..(2021).Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(18).
MLA	Fulcher K.,et al."Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.18(2021).