气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York

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DOI	10.1007/s11069-020-03959-0
	Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York
	Zhang F.; Orton P.M.; Madajewicz M.; Jagupilla S.C.K.; Bakhtyar R.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	0921030X
起始页码	57
结束页码	85
卷号	103 期号:1
英文摘要	Hard defenses, such as levees or land berms, are often considered the most effective approach to reduce flood risk. This study reveals a potential increase in mortality when hard protections cannot defend a location against low-probability, extreme flood events. Staten Island, New York, suffered devastating damage from Hurricane Sandy, including 23 fatalities, of which 18 occurred in the neighborhoods along the island’s eastern shore. This study demonstrates that the elevated berm along the eastern shore may have contributed to the concentration of fatalities in the area by increasing the speed at which seawater rose, causing some people to be trapped in places where they could not escape rising waters. The study uses a hydrodynamic model to simulate Hurricane Sandy flood conditions, providing water depth, rise rate, and velocity. Statistical analyses show that water rise rate influences mortality, while other flood characteristics and several demographic and socioeconomic factors do not. A model experiment that qualitatively examines flood conditions in the presence of a lower discontinuous berm that historically existed at the location in Midland Beach finds that the increased height and continuity of the berm increased probability of mortality by worsening the water rise rate during Sandy by about 50%. The potential increase in mortality needs to be taken into account when designing coastal protections. If a protection strategy does not prevent low-probability, extreme floods, then there is a trade-off between protection against more frequent floods and increased risk of mortality during extreme floods. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
关键词	Flood risk Hard defense Hurricane Sandy Hydrodynamic modeling Mortality Overtopping
英文关键词	berm; coastal protection; extreme event; flood control; flood damage; Hurricane Sandy 2012; hydrodynamics; mortality; probability; risk assessment; storm damage; water level; New York [New York (STT)]; New York [United States]; Staten Island [New York]; United States
语种	英语
来源期刊	Natural Hazards
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/206039
作者单位	Department Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States; Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, United States; Office of Water Prediction - Analysis and Prediction Division, NOAA National Water Center, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Zhang F.,Orton P.M.,Madajewicz M.,et al. Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York[J],2020,103(1).
APA	Zhang F.,Orton P.M.,Madajewicz M.,Jagupilla S.C.K.,&Bakhtyar R..(2020).Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York.Natural Hazards,103(1).
MLA	Zhang F.,et al."Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York".Natural Hazards 103.1(2020).