气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?

CCPortal

DOI	10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112281
	Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?
	Wang K.-H.; Su C.-W.; Lobonţ O.-R.; Umar M.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	03014215
卷号	153
英文摘要	This paper investigates the cointegration relationship among crude oil dependence (COD), CO2 emissions (CO2) and military expenditure (ME) in net oil importing countries using a bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag model with a Fourier function (FARDL). The empirical results indicate that there is cointegration in China and India due to their rapid economic development, very high CO2 emissions, strong oil demand and growth in military strength. Italy has a high level of oil dependence and an oil-dominated energy structure and is closely located to the Middle East, leading its ME to be influenced by COD and CO2. However, military strategies and alliances, governmental budget constraints, and energy structure and policies eliminate the cointegration relationship in the U.S., France and other countries. Some policy implications include the need to diversify oil supply channels and build strategic reserves to relieve pressure on the military to protect oil security. Expenditures for military research and development should be encouraged, and the transfer of military technologies to civil fields to improve energy efficiency should be accelerated. Renewable energy development is an effective instrument for relieving pressure due to oil dependence and the need to reduce CO2. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
关键词	Autoregressive distributed lag model CO2 emissions Crude oil dependence Fourier function Military expenditure
英文关键词	Budget control; Crude oil; Economics; Energy efficiency; Proven reserves; Public policy; Renewable energy resources; Sustainable development; Autoregressive distributed lag models; CO$-2$/ emission; CO2 emissions; Cointegration; Cointegration relationship; Crude oil dependence; Energy structures; Fourier functions; Military expenditure; Oil dependence; Carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; cointegration analysis; crude oil; expenditure; import; numerical model
语种	英语
来源期刊	Energy Policy
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/205389
作者单位	School of Economics, Qingdao University, China; Finance Department, West University of Timisoara, China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wang K.-H.,Su C.-W.,Lobonţ O.-R.,et al. Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?[J],2021,153.
APA	Wang K.-H.,Su C.-W.,Lobonţ O.-R.,&Umar M..(2021).Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?.Energy Policy,153.
MLA	Wang K.-H.,et al."Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?".Energy Policy 153(2021).