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| The soil biomarkers in the diagnostic of climate global changes and in the regional environmental crises prevention | |
| 项目编号 | 20-14-18007 |
| Shoba Sergey | |
| 项目主持机构 | Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University, |
| 开始日期 | 2020 |
| 结束日期 | 2021 |
| 英文摘要 | The growing instability of the climate system of the planet leads to an increase in the number of natural disasters in different regions (floods, droughts, forest fires, mudflows, etc.), the melting of high mountain glaciers and a steady reduction in fresh water resources requires the development of an adaptation plan for such territories. Therefore, it remains relevant to search for quantitative criteria for environmental monitoring, assessing post-crisis situations, and also for studying of formation of the most indicative diagnostic indicators, their safety in various environmental conditions, and the possibility of their use in predictive modeling. The use of molecular biomarkers for the purpose of state diagnosing of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems is one of the most sought-after areas of modern earth sciences. Their application in soil science and ecology allows us to look at previously obtained results and databases on the environment at a new technological level, clarify the regional features of natural processes (their amplitude, inertia and intensity), adjust the established stratigraphic boundaries, and obtain new information about past natural conditions and develop new technologies for monitoring and predictive modeling of the environment in the future. For the first time, during the project in 2017-2019, the authors compiled a list of biomarkers of natural origin and generalized models of natural and anthropogenic-induced environments, including regional climatic scenarios and environmental disasters, which were reconstructed using well-known and newly identified biomarkers (Kovaleva, Kovalev, 2017). In the course of project the list of modern biomarkers was expanded by studying the spectrum of amino sugars, fatty acids, fungal melanins, amino acids, microbial double-stranded DNA, n-alkanes. Similar studies are rare in the world science (Kovaleva N, Zech W, 2000; Zech, M., Buggle, B., Leiber, K., Markovic, S., Glaser, B., Hambach, U., Huwe, B. , Stevens, T., Sümegi, P., Wiesenberg, G. And Zöller, L., 2009; Zech W, 2014; Trigui Y, Wolf D., Sahakyan L., Hovakimyan H., Sahakyan K., Zech R. , Fuchs M., Wolpert T., Zech M., Faust D., 2019). The identified biomarkers were tested at different aged natural and anthropogenic objects. However, as it was established during the study, the diversity of sensitive natural ecosystems of different landscapes (plain and mountainous territories, slopes, river valleys, coastal shores, etc.), various natural zones (tundra, taiga, forest-steppe, steppe, dry steppe, dry subtropics), on a different parent rocks (on moraines, loesses, volcanic deposits, sands, carbonate and crystalline rocks) and especially urban ecosystems (arable land, hayfields, pastures, reserves, villages, modern city, secondary forests and wood plantations, territories after deforestation, drained and flooded lands, etc.) turned out to be much wider. Therefore, the established patterns require further verification and system analysis on a wider geographical spectrum of climate-sensitive natural and especially anthropogenic objects. It is necessary to continue processing the obtained database, including the mathematical one (for constructing predictive regional mathematical models), and also to complete the zonal picture with the studies of tundra soils (Kola Peninsula) and dry subtropics (Chatyr-Dag ridge (Dolgorukovskaya Yayla) begun by the project, the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, southern slope of Mount Ai-Petri; Nikitsky Range, archaeological excavations in the Old Crimea) and verify the hypothesis on anthropogenically transformed soils of zones after technological disasters. One of the most representative methods for diagnosing and reconstructing climate change and landscape evolution is the paleopedological method and the most informative object of study is daytime polygenetic and different aged buried soils or parts of soil profiles, individual horizons, soil nodules in pedolithic sediments. Due to the high inertia of most soil properties, soil memory stores and allows us to read information about the soil formation conditions and, first of all, about the climate. At the same time, the authors of the project showed that the completeness and safety of information on climate episodes of different ages increase from the macro- and meso- levels to the molecular and, especially, atomic level of soil mass organization (Kovaleva N.O., 2009, 2015, 2019). However, the solution to the question of using biomarkers in diagnostic and predictive modeling turns out to be dependent on the mechanisms of their stabilization and preservation in soils and their susceptibility to diagenesis. During the project in 2017-2019, it was found that, in addition to geomolecules, soil biomarkers should also include atomic biomarkers, since the safety of information increases as the size of the particles decreases. It has been established that natural disasters induced by a steadily changing climate are most actively and quickly manifested in densely populated areas of river floodplains (floods near the city of Tulun in 2019) and in mountainous regions (disaster in Krymsk, 2009, etc.). Therefore, isotopic curves of not only carbon and nitrogen, but also oxygen of humus and carbonates will be obtained for a series of soils of urban ecosystems of the Upper, Middle and Lower Volga regions, and mountain ecosystems of Crimea. Samples of the listed objects were collected during the expeditions of 2018-2019 and will allow us to verify the hypothesis expressed earlier about the greater information content of atomic biomarkers, to compare the amplitude and inertia of climate rhythms in different parts of Eurasia. On the other hand, the authors of the project revealed a high information content of the spectrum of soil n-alkanes, which was previously called into question by a number of scientists (Bush, R.T.; Mc Inerney, F.A., 2013). It was established and requires further verification that the hypothesis that the informational role of alkanes depends on the environmental conditions and the mechanisms of their stabilization in the soil. It should be noted that the search for the physicochemical mechanisms of conservation and stabilization of all types of biomarkers in soils is the most promising area of research planned for 2020 and 2021. The preservation and representativeness in paleoecological reconstructions and predictive modeling depends on the nature of the fixation of the biomarker in the soil environment. We managed to find out a lot during the project in 2017-2019, but the time limits of the preservation of various types of biomarkers in various geomorphological and climatic conditions remained unclear. In this regard, it is planned to study the dynamics of the state of iron-organic compounds, lignin, n-alkanes, for the first time in the world hormones, as well as DNA analysis of soil nodules. During the project, it became obvious that the search for atomic and molecular biomarkers should be carried out not only in daytime and buried soil horizons, but it is much more promising to do this in soil inclusions, nodules (Fe-Mn nodules, ortzands, carbonates, salts, cutans, etc.) which themselves are the morphological indicators of landscape situations (Fe-Mn nodules — contrasts of the water regime and waterlogged soils, ortzands — floods, carbonates — aridization, salt spots — salinization, etc.). For the first time in the world, data on the biomarker and isotopic composition of the main indicators of waterlogged soils and landscapes - Fe-Mn nodules will be obtained. Our studies on aggregation will reveal the mechanisms and time of stabilization of the most stable biomolecules within and on the surface of aggregates in elementary soil particles. As a result of the project, it is supposed to assess the degree and possibilities of stabilization and preservation of biomarkers in nodules, inside and on the surface of aggregates and in granulometric fractions of horizontal soils rows (on the example of the Russian Plain) and vertical zonal rows (Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Tien Shan, Khibin, Urals, Crimean mountains), in an aerobic and anaerobic environment of the intrazonal soils of the Volga, Tsna, Oka, Desna, Moscow river floodplains, the direction of biomarker diagenesis under the influence of plowing, drainage and other anthropogenic impacts. Clarification of the mechanisms and degree of preservation of indicators will serve to assess the possibility of using them as a molecular marker of soil and landscape processes or climatic phenomena, molecular traces of human existence in quantitative predictive modeling, which should be based on specific threshold values of indicators and which are supposed to be completed by the end of the second year research. |
| 英文关键词 | soil organic matter;carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes;soil micromorphology;climate change;geochemistry;paleosoils |
| 学科分类 | 06 - 生物科学 |
| 资助机构 | RU-RSF |
| 国家 | RU |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 文献类型 | 项目 |
| 条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/191717 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Shoba Sergey.The soil biomarkers in the diagnostic of climate global changes and in the regional environmental crises prevention.2020. |
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