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DOI	10.1039/d0ee03808c
	Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?
	Wang M.; Khan M.A.; Mohsin I.; Wicks J.; Ip A.H.; Sumon K.Z.; Dinh C.-T.; Sargent E.H.; Gates I.D.; Kibria M.G.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	17545692
起始页码	2535
结束页码	2548
卷号	14 期号:5
英文摘要	As renewable electricity prices continue to decline, interest grows in alternative routes for the synthesis of sustainable fuels and chemicals, including ammonia. Considering demand for fertilizers, as well as its future potential as a dispatchable energy vector, sustainable synthesis of ammonia is being explored as an alternative to the capital- and carbon-intensive fossil-fuel-driven Haber-Bosch process. Here we assess stages along a transition to the sustainable synthesis of ammonia, looking at economic feasibility and climate impacts compared to the incumbent Haber-Bosch without and with CO2 capture. This analysis enables us to suggest technological thresholds for sustainable synthesis of ammonia to become economically and environmentally favourable. When driven by renewable energy sources, the water electrolyzer (near $400 per kW) coupled Haber-Bosch process will reach cost parity near 2.5 cents per kWh electricity. In the case of direct electrochemical ammonia synthesis, achieving cost-parity using the same 2.5 cents per kWh electricity will rely on achieving major advances in performance: an electrolysis full-cell energy efficiency exceeding 40% at a current density of 0.5 A cm-2. Once this operating performance is reached, electrically-powered ammonia synthesis will bring climate benefits when coupled with low-carbon electricity (<180 gCO2e per kWh), achievable when over half of today's U.S. electricity generation is supplied by renewable energy sources. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the key challenges and opportunities for sustainable ammonia synthesis routes to be competitive with the incumbent Haber-Bosch process in the future. © 2021 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
英文关键词	Ammonia; Carbon; Energy efficiency; Kinetic theory; Natural resources; Power quality; Renewable energy resources; Dispatchable energies; Economic feasibilities; Electricity generation; Low-carbon electricities; Operating performance; Renewable electricity; Renewable energy source; Synthesis of ammonia; Fossil fuels; ammonia; electrical power; electricity generation; energy efficiency; energy resource; fossil fuel; operations technology; performance assessment; renewable resource; United States
语种	英语
来源期刊	Energy & Environmental Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/190666
作者单位	Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, 19 Division St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wang M.,Khan M.A.,Mohsin I.,et al. Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?[J],2021,14(5).
APA	Wang M..,Khan M.A..,Mohsin I..,Wicks J..,Ip A.H..,...&Kibria M.G..(2021).Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?.Energy & Environmental Science,14(5).
MLA	Wang M.,et al."Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?".Energy & Environmental Science 14.5(2021).