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DOI	10.1039/c7ee00546f
	Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite
	Seidl L.; Bucher N.; Chu E.; Hartung S.; Martens S.; Schneider O.; Stimming U.
发表日期	2017
ISSN	17545692
起始页码	1631
结束页码	1642
卷号	10 期号:7
英文摘要	The reversible intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite and the concomitant formation of ternary Na-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are studied using several in operando techniques, such as X-ray-diffraction (XRD), electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (EC-STM) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques (EQCM). Linear ethylene glycol dimethyl ether homologues ("glymes") Gx with x + 1 O-atoms were used as solvents, where x is 1-4. The intercalation mechanism of Na+(Gx)y-complexes was investigated with a focus on the phase transitions and diffusion rates of the Na+(Gx)y-complexes inside the graphite lattice. For the four shortest glymes (G1 to G4), it is found using XRD that an intermediate stage 2 Na-GIC (NaC48) is formed upon the partial sodiation of the graphite electrode. At full sodiation stage 1 Na-GIC (NaC18, 112 mA h g-1) is obtained for G1, G2 and G4, while the G3 system also forms a stage 1 Na-GIC but with less Na incorporated (NaC30, 70 mA h g-1). The phase transitions of a battery electrode upon ion-intercalation are visualised using STM on the atomic scale for the first time. In addition, the local diffusion rates of the intercalated species inside the electrode were determined, a unique approach for determining kinetic effects in batteries on the atomic scale. The formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is observed with STM as well as with an EQCM, while the latter technique is used for novel in situ hydrodynamic spectroscopy, giving further insight into the intercalation mechanism. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017.
英文关键词	Atoms; Diffusion; Electric batteries; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Ethylene; Ethylene glycol; Fuels; Graphite; Graphite electrodes; Intercalation compounds; Ions; Organic solvents; Quartz crystal microbalances; Scanning tunneling microscopy; Sodium compounds; Solid electrolytes; Battery electrode; Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance; Graphite lattices; Intercalated species; Intercalation mechanisms; Intermediate stage; Ion intercalation; Solid electrolyte interphase; Intercalation; cation; electrode; electrolyte; ether; ethylene; graphite; quartz; scanning tunnelling microscopy; sodium; X-ray diffraction
语种	英语
来源期刊	Energy & Environmental Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/190461
作者单位	Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Straße 1, Garching, 85748, Germany; Institut für Informatik VI, Technische Universität München, Schleißheimerstraße 90a, Garching, 85748, Germany; Electrochemical Research Group, Technische Universität München, Schleißheimerstraße 90a, Garching, 85748, Germany; Joint Research Institute for Advanced Power Sources for Electric Vehicles, Technische Universität München, Garching, 85748, Germany; Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; TUM CREATE 1 CREATE Way, #10-02 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602, Singapore; School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Seidl L.,Bucher N.,Chu E.,et al. Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite[J],2017,10(7).
APA	Seidl L..,Bucher N..,Chu E..,Hartung S..,Martens S..,...&Stimming U..(2017).Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite.Energy & Environmental Science,10(7).
MLA	Seidl L.,et al."Intercalation of solvated Na-ions into graphite".Energy & Environmental Science 10.7(2017).