气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small-Scale Continental Spring-Time Thunderstorm

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DOI	10.1029/2020JD032825
	First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small-Scale Continental Spring-Time Thunderstorm
	Kolmašová I.; Santolík O.; Kašpar P.; Popek M.; Pizzuti A.; Spurný P.; Borovička J.; Mlynarczyk J.; Manninen J.; Macotela E.L.; Zacharov P.; Lán R.; Uhlíř L.; Diendorfer G.; Bennett A.; Füllekrug M.; Slošiar R.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	2169897X
卷号	126 期号:1
英文摘要	We show for the first time that elves can be produced by an unusual small-scale continental spring-time thunderstorm. The storm occurred in Central Europe, covered a very small area of ∼50 × ∼30 km and lasted only for ∼4 h on April 2, 2017. The fraction of intense positive cloud-to-ground lightning strokes was unusually high, reaching 55%, with a mean peak current of 64 kA. The peak currents of return strokes (RS) associated with elves exceeded ∼300 kA. Elves and their causative RS have been observed with different optical and electromagnetic recordings. Signatures of ionospheric disturbances indicating the presence of elves were found in measurements of displacement currents, ionospheric reflections of sferics and man-made narrow-band transmissions. All these electromagnetic observations coincide with four optical detections of elves and strongly suggest the occurrence of two more elves later in the decaying phase of the storm. Surprisingly, the same electromagnetic measurements indicate that other strong strokes did not produce any elves. Our simulation results show that the formation of an elve is not only determined by the high-peak current of their causative strokes but that it is also controlled by the conductivity of the lightning channels and velocity of the current wavefront. We hypothesize that because of a lower conductivity of RS lightning channels and/or slower current waves only very strong strokes with peak currents above ∼300 kA might have been capable to produce observable elves during this thunderstorm. © 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
英文关键词	elves; extra strong strokes; thunderstorm
语种	英语
来源期刊	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/185562
作者单位	Department of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom; Bristol Industrial and Research Associates Limited, Bristol, United Kingdom; Interplanetary Matter Department, Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondrejov, Czech Republic; Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland; Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Sodankylä, Finland; Department of Meteorology, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of ALDIS, OVE Service GmbH, Vienna, Austria; SOSA (Slovak Organization for Space Activities), Bratislava, Slovakia
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Kolmašová I.,Santolík O.,Kašpar P.,et al. First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small-Scale Continental Spring-Time Thunderstorm[J],2021,126(1).
APA	Kolmašová I..,Santolík O..,Kašpar P..,Popek M..,Pizzuti A..,...&Slošiar R..(2021).First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small-Scale Continental Spring-Time Thunderstorm.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,126(1).
MLA	Kolmašová I.,et al."First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small-Scale Continental Spring-Time Thunderstorm".Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126.1(2021).