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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2017185118
	The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity
	Nilsson-Örtman V.; Rowe L.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00278424
卷号	118 期号:7
英文摘要	Developing organisms typically mature earlier and at larger sizes in favorable growth conditions, while in rarer cases, maturity is delayed. The rarer reaction norm is easily accommodated by general life history models, whereas the common pattern is not. Theory suggests that a solution to this paradox lies in the existence of critical size thresholds at which maturation or metamorphosis can commence, and in the evolution of these threshold sizes in response to environmental variation. For example, ephemeral environments might favor the evolution of smaller thresholds, enabling earlier maturation. The threshold model makes two unique and untested predictions. First, reaction norms for age and size should steepen, and even change sign, with decreases in threshold size; second, food reductions at sizes below the threshold should delay maturation, while those occurring after the threshold should accelerate maturation. We test these predictions through food manipulations in five damselfly species that theory suggests should differ in threshold size. The results provide strong support for the threshold model’s predictions. In all species, early food reductions delayed maturation, while late reductions accelerated maturation. Reaction norms were steeper, and the effect of food reductions changed from decelerating to accelerating at a much smaller size in species from ephemeral habitats. These results support the view that developmental thresholds can account for the widespread observation of negative correlations between age and size at maturity. Moreover, evolution of the threshold appears to be both predictable and central to the observed diversity of reaction norms for age and size at maturity. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Developmental thresholds \| life history \| reaction norms \|
语种	英语
scopus关键词	article; damselfly; habitat; life history; maturity; nonhuman; prediction
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/180645
作者单位	Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-22362, Sweden; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 38, Sweden
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Nilsson-Örtman V.,Rowe L.. The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity[J],2021,118(7).
APA	Nilsson-Örtman V.,&Rowe L..(2021).The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(7).
MLA	Nilsson-Örtman V.,et al."The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.7(2021).