气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies

CCPortal

DOI	10.1073/pnas.2016134118
	Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies
	Smith E.A.; Codding B.F.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00278424
卷号	118 期号:13
英文摘要	Research examining institutionalized hierarchy tends to focus on chiefdoms and states, while its emergence among small-scale societies remains poorly understood. Here, we test multiple hypotheses for institutionalized hierarchy, using environmental and social data on 89 hunter-gatherer societies along the Pacific coast of North America. We utilize statistical models capable of identifying the main correlates of sustained political and economic inequality, while controlling for historical and spatial dependence. Our results indicate that the most important predictors relate to spatiotemporal distribution of resources. Specifically, higher reliance on and ownership of clumped aquatic (primarily salmon) versus wild plant resources is associated with greater political-economic inequality, measuring the latter as a composite of internal social ranking, unequal access to food resources, and presence of slavery. Variables indexing population pressure, scalar stress, and intergroup conflict exhibit little or no correlation with variation in inequality. These results are consistent with models positing that hierarchy will emerge when individuals or coalitions (e.g., kin groups) control access to economically defensible, highly clumped resource patches, and use this control to extract benefits from subordinates, such as productive labor and political allegiance in a patron–client system. This evolutionary ecological explanation might illuminate how and why institutionalized hierarchy emerges among many small-scale societies. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Economic defensibility; Evolutionary ecology; Hierarchy; Patron-client systems
语种	英语
scopus关键词	adult; article; ecology; human; hunter-gatherer; nonhuman; North America; organization; physiological stress; population; seashore; slavery; wild plant
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/180104
作者单位	Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Smith E.A.,Codding B.F.. Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies[J],2021,118(13).
APA	Smith E.A.,&Codding B.F..(2021).Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(13).
MLA	Smith E.A.,et al."Ecological variation and institutionalized inequality in hunter-gatherer societies".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.13(2021).