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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2021311118
	An ancient, conserved gene regulatory network led to the rise of oral venom systems
	Barua A.; Mikheyev A.S.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00278424
卷号	118 期号:14
英文摘要	Oral venom systems evolved multiple times in numerous vertebrates enabling the exploitation of unique predatory niches. Yet how and when they evolved remains poorly understood. Up to now, most research on venom evolution has focused strictly on the toxins. However, using toxins present in modern day animals to trace the origin of the venom system is difficult, since they tend to evolve rapidly, show complex patterns of expression, and were incorporated into the venom arsenal relatively recently. Here we focus on gene regulatory networks associated with the production of toxins in snakes, rather than the toxins themselves. We found that overall venom gland gene expression was surprisingly well conserved when compared to salivary glands of other amniotes. We characterized the "metavenom network," a network of ∼3,000 nonsecreted housekeeping genes that are strongly coexpressed with the toxins, and are primarily involved in protein folding and modification. Conserved across amniotes, this network was coopted for venom evolution by exaptation of existing members and the recruitment of new toxin genes. For instance, starting from this common molecular foundation, Heloderma lizards, shrews, and solenodon, evolved venoms in parallel by overexpression of kallikreins, which were common in ancestral saliva and induce vasodilation when injected, causing circulatory shock. Derived venoms, such as those of snakes, incorporated novel toxins, though still rely on hypotension for prey immobilization. These similarities suggest repeated cooption of shared molecular machinery for the evolution of oral venom in mammals and reptiles, blurring the line between truly venomous animals and their ancestors. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Complex traits; Evolution; Gene regulatory networks; Transcriptomics; Venom
语种	英语
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/179976
作者单位	Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan; Evolutionary Genomics Group, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Barua A.,Mikheyev A.S.. An ancient, conserved gene regulatory network led to the rise of oral venom systems[J],2021,118(14).
APA	Barua A.,&Mikheyev A.S..(2021).An ancient, conserved gene regulatory network led to the rise of oral venom systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,118(14).
MLA	Barua A.,et al."An ancient, conserved gene regulatory network led to the rise of oral venom systems".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118.14(2021).