气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Evaluating the capacity of single photon lidar for terrain characterization under a range of forest conditions

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DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2020.112169
	Evaluating the capacity of single photon lidar for terrain characterization under a range of forest conditions
	White J.C.; Woods M.; Krahn T.; Papasodoro C.; Bélanger D.; Onafrychuk C.; Sinclair I.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00344257
卷号	252
英文摘要	Accurate digital elevation models are key data products used to inform forest management. Light detection and ranging (lidar) technologies have emerged as a useful tool for acquiring detailed terrain information, although the accuracy of this data is known to vary with topographic complexity and the density and characteristics of overlying vegetation. Single Photon Lidar (SPL) provides a high-density point cloud that can be acquired from a much higher altitude than discrete return, small-footprint lidar (hereafter, linear-mode lidar or LML), providing efficiencies and potential cost savings for operational mapping programs. Herein, we assess the absolute and relative accuracies of leaf-on and leaf-off SPL data acquired at different altitudes for characterizing terrain under varying vegetation types and densities and compare to results for LML data. Our assessment was forest-focused and primarily point based, using 299 Real-Time Kinematic survey checkpoints to quantify elevation errors (Δh); however, we also investigated and reported accuracy for linear transects, and conducted a wall-to-wall comparison of the SPL-derived 1-m digital elevation models (DEMs) against an LML-derived DEM. Point cloud characteristics for the leaf-on 2018 SPL data were markedly different, with 88% of returns as first returns, compared to 17% for the LML, and 59% and 46% for the leaf-off SPL data acquired at 3800 m and 2000 m, respectively. Of the datasets considered herein, the SPL data acquired under leaf-on conditions in 2018 had the lowest accuracy and precision for characterizing terrain underneath vegetation cover, with an RMSE of 10.97 cm and a 95th quantile of 24.03 cm; however these values are within commonly accepted error limits for elevation products. The leaf-off SPL data were most accurate overall; however, the differences between the leaf-off SPL data acquired at 3800 m versus 2000 m were often minor (< 1 cm on average), with similar patterns in Δh between the two datasets (r = 0.8). In terms of the relative performance of the lidar datasets examined, results from the analyses of linear transects were similar to those of the checkpoints, but highlighted the variability in elevation accuracy within similar cover types. Wall-to-wall comparisons of the SPL-derived DEMs to the 2012 LML DEM also corroborated the results of the checkpoint assessment, with the 2018 SPL leaf-on DEM having the largest differences (mean difference = 7.44 cm; RMSD = 18.07 cm). Differences between DEMs did not trend consistently with increasing canopy cover or with the percentage of returns that were within ±15 cm of the ground surface. We found that it was not only the density of the vegetation, but also the composition and configuration of both the overstory and understory vegetation that influenced the accuracy with which the lidar characterized the terrain surface. Overall, our results indicated that leaf-on SPL is capable of capturing terrain information under a wide variety of forest and vegetation conditions, albeit at a lower accuracy than what is possible with leaf-on LML or leaf-off SPL, but at a level of accuracy that is within acceptable limits for most forest applications. © 2020
英文关键词	ALS; Elevation; Forest inventory; Forestry; Lidar; SPL
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Digital instruments; Forestry; Geomorphology; Landforms; Particle beams; Photons; Surveying; Vegetation; Accuracy and precision; Digital elevation model; Light detection and ranging; Relative performance; Small-footprint lidars; Terrain characterization; Topographic complexity; Understory vegetation; Optical radar; accuracy assessment; complexity; digital elevation model; kinematics; lidar; mapping method; precision; terrain; vegetation cover
来源期刊	Remote Sensing of Environment
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/179058
作者单位	Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre), Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada; Retired - Natural Resources Information Section, Science and Research Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, North Bay, ON P1A 4L7, Canada; Provincial Mapping Unit, Mapping and Information Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 3C7, Canada; Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, 50 Place de la Cité, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 4G9, Canada; Natural Resources Information Section, Science and Research Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1235 Queen Street, Sault Ste MarieON P6A 2E5, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	White J.C.,Woods M.,Krahn T.,et al. Evaluating the capacity of single photon lidar for terrain characterization under a range of forest conditions[J],2021,252.
APA	White J.C..,Woods M..,Krahn T..,Papasodoro C..,Bélanger D..,...&Sinclair I..(2021).Evaluating the capacity of single photon lidar for terrain characterization under a range of forest conditions.Remote Sensing of Environment,252.
MLA	White J.C.,et al."Evaluating the capacity of single photon lidar for terrain characterization under a range of forest conditions".Remote Sensing of Environment 252(2021).