气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Antecedents for the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in the Bergen school literature

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DOI	10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0078.1
	Antecedents for the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in the Bergen school literature
	Schultz D.M.; Keyser D.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	00030007
起始页码	E383
结束页码	E398
卷号	102 期号:2
英文摘要	Two widely accepted conceptual models of extratropical cyclone structure and evolution exist: the Norwegian and Shapiro–Keyser cyclone models. The Norwegian cyclone model was developed around 1920 by the Bergen School meteorologists. This model has come to feature an acute angle between the cold and warm fronts, with the reduction in the area of the warm sector during the evolution of the cyclone corresponding to the formation of an occluded front. The Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model was developed around 1990 and was motivated by the recognition of alternative frontal structures depicted in model simulations and observations of rapidly developing extratropical cyclones. This model features a right angle between the cold and warm fronts (T-bone), a weakening of the poleward portion of the cold front (frontal fracture), an extension of the warm or occluded front to the rear of and around the cyclone (bent-back front), and the wrapping around of the bent-back front to form a warm-core seclusion of post-cold-frontal air. Although the Norwegian cyclone model preceded the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model by 70 years, antecedents of features of the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model were apparent in observations, analyses, and conceptual models presented by the Bergen School meteorologists, their adherents, and their progeny. These “lost” antecedents are collected here for the first time to show that the Bergen School meteorologists were aware of them, although not all of the antecedents survived until their reintroduction into the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in 1990. Thus, the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model can be viewed as a synthesis of various elements of cyclone structure and evolution recognized by the Bergen School meteorologists. © 2021 American Meteorological Society.
英文关键词	Extratropical cyclones; Frontogenesis/frontolysis; Fronts; History
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Earth atmosphere; Meteorology; Cold front; Conceptual model; Cyclone models; Extratropical cyclones; Model simulation; Modeling features; Warm fronts; Storms
来源期刊	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/177699
作者单位	Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Crisis Studies and Mitigation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Schultz D.M.,Keyser D.. Antecedents for the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in the Bergen school literature[J],2021,102(2).
APA	Schultz D.M.,&Keyser D..(2021).Antecedents for the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in the Bergen school literature.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,102(2).
MLA	Schultz D.M.,et al."Antecedents for the Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model in the Bergen school literature".Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102.2(2021).