气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection

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DOI	10.5194/acp-21-2191-2021
	Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection - Part 2: Over the Maritime Continent
	Dion I-A.; Dallet C.; Ricaud P.; Carminati F.; Dauhut T.; Haynes P.
发表日期	2021
ISSN	1680-7316
起始页码	2191
结束页码	2210
卷号	21 期号:3
英文摘要	The amount of ice injected into the tropical tropopause layer has a strong radiative impact on climate. A companion paper (Part 1) used the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of ice water content (IWC) as an estimate of ice injection by deep convection, showed that the Maritime Continent (MariCont) region provides the largest injection to the upper troposphere (UT; 146 hPa) and to the tropopause level (TL; 100 hPa). This study focuses on the MariCont region and extends that approach to assess the processes, the areas and the diurnal amount and duration of ice injected over islands and over seas during the austral convective season. The model presented in the companion paper is again used to estimate the amount of ice injected (1IWC) by combining ice water content (IWC) measured twice a day by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS; Version 4.2) from 2004 to 2017 and precipitation (Prec) measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM; Version 007) binned at high temporal resolution (1 h). The horizontal distribution of 1IWC estimated from Prec (δ IWCprec) is presented at 2° × 2° horizontal resolution over the MariCont. 1IWC is also evaluated by using the number of lightning events (Flash) from the TRMM-LIS instrument (Lightning Imaging Sensor, from 2004 to 2015 at 1 h and 0.25° × 0.25° resolution). δ IWCprecand δ IWC estimated from Flash (δ IWCFlash) are compared to δ IWC estimated from the ERA5 reanalyses (δ IWCERA5) with the vertical resolution degraded to that of MLS observations ((δ IWCERA5)) Our study shows that the diurnal cycles of Prec and Flash are consistent with each other in phase over land but different over offshore and coastal areas of the MariCont. The observational δ IWC range between δ IWCprecand δ IWCFlashinterpreted as the uncertainty of our model in estimating the amount of ice injected, is smaller over land (where δ IWCprecand δ IWCFlashagree to within 22 %) than over ocean (where differences are up to 71 %) the UT and TL. The impact of the MLS vertical resolution on the estimation of δ IWC is greater in the TL (difference between δ IWCERA5and δ IWCERA5of 32% to 139 %, depending on the study zone) than in the UT (difference of 9% to 33 %). Considering all the methods, in the UT, estimates of δ IWC span 4.2 to 10.0 mgm-3 over land and 0.4 to 4.4 mgm-3 over sea, and in the TL estimates of 1IWC span 0.5 to 3.9 mgm-3 over land and 0.1 to 0.7 mgm-3 over sea. Finally, based on IWC from MLS and ERA5, Prec and Flash, this study highlights that (1) at both levels δ IWC estimated over land can be more than twice that estimated over sea and (2) small islands with high topography present the largest δ IWC (e.g., island of Java). © 2021 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.
语种	英语
来源期刊	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/168759
作者单位	CRNM, Meteo-France – CNRS, Toulouse, 31057, France; Met Office, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Dion I-A.,Dallet C.,Ricaud P.,et al. Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection - Part 2: Over the Maritime Continent[J],2021,21(3).
APA	Dion I-A.,Dallet C.,Ricaud P.,Carminati F.,Dauhut T.,&Haynes P..(2021).Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection - Part 2: Over the Maritime Continent.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,21(3).
MLA	Dion I-A.,et al."Ice injected into the tropopause by deep convection - Part 2: Over the Maritime Continent".Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21.3(2021).