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DOI	10.1039/c9ee00310j
	Electronic structure basis for enhanced overall water splitting photocatalysis with aluminum doped SrTiO3 in natural sunlight
	Zhao Z.; Goncalves R.V.; Barman S.K.; Willard E.J.; Byle E.; Perry R.; Wu Z.; Huda M.N.; Moulé A.J.; Osterloh F.E.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	1754-5692
起始页码	1385
结束页码	1395
卷号	12 期号:4
英文摘要	Overall water splitting with photocatalyst particles presents a potentially cost-effective pathway to hydrogen fuel, however, photocatalysts that can compete with the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical cells are still lacking. Recently, Goto et al. reported (Joule, 2018, 2(3), 509-520) that Al-doped SrTiO3 microparticles, followed by modification with Rh2-yCryO3 support overall water splitting with 0.4% solar to hydrogen efficiency and with 56% apparent quantum yield at 365 nm. Earlier, based on transient IR spectroscopy results, the improved activity of Al:SrTiO3 had been attributed to the removal of Ti3+ deep recombination sites by the Al3+ ions. Here we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to show that Al3+ incorporation not only reduces the Ti3+ concentration but also diminishes the n-type character of SrTiO3 and shifts the Fermi level to more oxidizing potentials. According to DFT, the electronic structure of Al-doped SrTiO3 depends sensitively on the relative locations of Al3+ and oxygen vacancies sites, with Al3+ ions next to the oxygen vacancies being most effective at suppressing the sub-band gap states. Reduced hole and electron trapping resulting from the elimination of Ti3+ states is confirmed by surface photovoltage spectroscopy and electrochemical scans. These findings not only provide an experimental basis for the superior water splitting activity of Al-doped SrTiO3, under ultraviolet and solar irradiation, but they also suggest that aliovalent doping may be a general method to improve the solar energy conversion properties of metal oxides. Additionally, overall water splitting with a type 1 single bed particle suspension 'baggie' reactor under direct sunlight illumination with 0.11% solar to hydrogen efficiency is also demonstrated for the first time. This provides a proof of concept for one of the models in the 2009 US Department of Energy Technoeconomic analysis for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Aluminum; Aluminum compounds; Chromium compounds; Conversion efficiency; Cost effectiveness; Electronic structure; Energy gap; Hydrogen production; Oxygen vacancies; Photoelectrochemical cells; Rhodium compounds; Solar energy; Solar power generation; Strontium titanates; Suspensions (fluids); X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Aliovalent doping; Improved activities; Oxidizing potentials; Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production; Solar-to-hydrogen; Surface photovoltage spectroscopy; Techno-Economic analysis; US Department of Energy; Titanium compounds; catalysis; catalyst; detection method; efficiency measurement; electrochemical method; electron; inorganic compound; oxidation; photovoltaic system; solar power; solar radiation
来源期刊	Energy and Environmental Science
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/162946
作者单位	Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, São Carlos SP, 13560-970, Brazil; Department of Physics, University of Texas at ArlingtonTX 76019, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Zhao Z.,Goncalves R.V.,Barman S.K.,et al. Electronic structure basis for enhanced overall water splitting photocatalysis with aluminum doped SrTiO3 in natural sunlight[J],2019,12(4).
APA	Zhao Z..,Goncalves R.V..,Barman S.K..,Willard E.J..,Byle E..,...&Osterloh F.E..(2019).Electronic structure basis for enhanced overall water splitting photocatalysis with aluminum doped SrTiO3 in natural sunlight.Energy and Environmental Science,12(4).
MLA	Zhao Z.,et al."Electronic structure basis for enhanced overall water splitting photocatalysis with aluminum doped SrTiO3 in natural sunlight".Energy and Environmental Science 12.4(2019).