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| DOI | 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063359 |
| Manifestation; drivers; and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation | |
| Levin L.A. | |
| 发表日期 | 2018 |
| ISSN | 1941-1405 |
| 起始页码 | 229 |
| 结束页码 | 260 |
| 卷号 | 10 |
| 英文摘要 | Oxygen loss in the ocean, termed deoxygenation, is a major consequence of climate change and is exacerbated by other aspects of global change. An average global loss of 2% or more has been recorded in the open ocean over the past 50-100 years, but with greater oxygen declines in intermediate waters (100-600 m) of the North Pacific, the East Pacific, tropical waters, and the Southern Ocean. Although ocean warming contributions to oxygen declines through a reduction in oxygen solubility and stratification effects on ventilation are reasonably well understood, it has been a major challenge to identify drivers and modifying factors that explain different regional patterns, especially in the tropical oceans. Changes in respiration, circulation (including upwelling), nutrient inputs, and possibly methane release contribute to oxygen loss, often indirectly through stimulation of biological production and biological consumption. Microbes mediate many feedbacks in oxygen minimum zones that can either exacerbate or ameliorate deoxygenation via interacting nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon cycles. The paleo-record reflects drivers of and feedbacks to deoxygenation that have played out through the Phanerozoic on centennial, millennial, and hundred-million-year timescales. Natural oxygen variability has made it difficult to detect the emergence of a climate-forced signal of oxygen loss, but new modeling efforts now project emergence to occur in many areas in 15-25 years. Continued global deoxygenation is projected for the next 100 or more years under most emissions scenarios, but with regional heterogeneity. Notably, even small changes in oxygenation can have significant biological effects. New efforts to systematically observe oxygen changes throughout the open ocean are needed to help address gaps in understanding of ocean deoxygenation patterns and drivers. Copyright © 2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. |
| 英文关键词 | climate change; hypoxia; nutrients; open ocean; oxygen; oxygen minimum zone; paleo-record; stratification; upwelling; variability |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| scopus关键词 | Carbon; Nutrients; Oceanography; Oxygen; Thermal stratification; hypoxia; Open ocean; Oxygen minimum zone; paleo-record; upwelling; variability; Climate change; carbon cycle; climate change; historical record; intermediate water; methane; open ocean; oxygen; oxygen minimum layer; stratification; upwelling; Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean (East); Pacific Ocean (North); Southern Ocean; oxygen; sea water; aquatic species; Atlantic Ocean; chemistry; climate change; growth, development and aging; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Aquatic Organisms; Atlantic Ocean; Climate Change; Indian Ocean; Oxygen; Pacific Ocean; Seawater |
| 来源期刊 | Annual Review of Marine Science
 |
| 文献类型 | 期刊论文 |
| 条目标识符 | http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/161957 |
| 作者单位 | Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0218, United States |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Levin L.A.. Manifestation; drivers; and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation[J],2018,10. |
| APA | Levin L.A..(2018).Manifestation; drivers; and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation.Annual Review of Marine Science,10. |
| MLA | Levin L.A.."Manifestation; drivers; and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation".Annual Review of Marine Science 10(2018). |
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