气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.1907360117
	Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird
	Williams H.J.; Shepard E.L.C.; Holton M.D.; Alarcón P.A.E.; Wilson R.P.; Lambertucci S.A.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	17884
结束页码	17890
卷号	117 期号:30
英文摘要	Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little is known about how flight effort varies with environmental parameters. We deployed bio-logging devices on the world’s heaviest soaring bird, the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), to assess the extent to which these birds can operate without resorting to powered flight. Our records of individual wingbeats in >216 h of flight show that condors can sustain soaring across a wide range of wind and thermal conditions, flapping for only 1% of their flight time. This is among the very lowest estimated movement costs in vertebrates. One bird even flew for >5 h without flapping, covering ∼172 km. Overall, > 75% of flapping flight was associated with takeoffs. Movement between weak thermal updrafts at the start of the day also imposed a metabolic cost, with birds flapping toward the end of glides to reach ephemeral thermal updrafts. Nonetheless, the investment required was still remarkably low, and even in winter conditions with weak thermals, condors are only predicted to flap for ∼2 s per kilometer. Therefore, the overall flight effort in the largest soaring birds appears to be constrained by the requirements for takeoff. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Aeroecology; Biologging; Energy landscape; Flight constraints; Movement ecology
语种	英语
scopus关键词	article; bird; ecology; environmental parameters; investment; landscape; nonhuman; winter; animal; biomechanics; ecology; flying; theoretical model; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Birds; Ecology; Flight, Animal; Models, Theoretical
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/160874
作者单位	Williams, H.J., Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom, Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Radolfzell, 78315, Germany; Shepard, E.L.C., Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; Holton, M.D., Department of Computing Science, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom; Alarcón, P.A.E., Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, R8400FRF, Argentina; Wilson, R.P., Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom; Lambertucci, S.A., Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Quintral 1250, Bariloche, R8400FRF, Argentina
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Williams H.J.,Shepard E.L.C.,Holton M.D.,et al. Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird[J],2020,117(30).
APA	Williams H.J.,Shepard E.L.C.,Holton M.D.,Alarcón P.A.E.,Wilson R.P.,&Lambertucci S.A..(2020).Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,117(30).
MLA	Williams H.J.,et al."Physical limits of flight performance in the heaviest soaring bird".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117.30(2020).