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DOI	10.1073/pnas.1604072114
	Higher rates of sex evolve during adaptation to more complex environments
	Luijckx P.; Ho Ho E.K.; Gasim M.; Chen S.; Stanic A.; Yanchus C.; Kim Y.S.; Agrawal A.F.
发表日期	2017
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	534
结束页码	539
卷号	114 期号:3
英文摘要	A leading hypothesis for the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction proposes that sex is advantageous because it facilitates adaptation. Changes in the environment stimulate adaptation but not all changes are equivalent; a change may occur along one or multiple environmental dimensions. In two evolution experiments with the facultatively sexual rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, we test how environmental complexity affects the evolution of sex by adapting replicate populations to various environments that differ from the original along one, two, or three environmental dimensions. Three different estimates of fitness (growth, lifetime reproduction, and population density) confirmed that populations adapted to their new environment. Growth measures revealed an intriguing cost of complex adaptations: populations that adapted to more complex environments lost greater amounts of fitness in the original environment. Furthermore, both experiments showed that B. calyciflorus became more sexual when adapting to a greater number of environmental dimensions. Common garden experiments confirmed that observed changes in sex were heritable. As environments in nature are inherently complex these findings help explain why sex is maintained in natural populations.
英文关键词	Adaptation; Evolution of sex; Fisher-Muller hypothesis; Hill-Robertson interference
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Brachionus calyciflorus; comparative study; Conference Paper; egg production; environmental change; growth rate; hatching; natural population; nonhuman; pleiotropy; population density; population growth estimation; priority journal; reproductive success; Rotifera; sexual behavior; sexual development; acclimatization; adaptation; animal; environment; evolution; female; genetics; growth, development and aging; male; physiology; reproduction; reproductive fitness; salinity; sex; temperature; Acclimatization; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Environment; Female; Genetic Fitness; Male; Reproduction; Rotifera; Salinity; Sex; Temperature
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/160668
作者单位	Luijckx, P., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Ho Ho, E.K., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Gasim, M., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Chen, S., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Stanic, A., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Yanchus, C., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Kim, Y.S., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; Agrawal, A.F., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Luijckx P.,Ho Ho E.K.,Gasim M.,et al. Higher rates of sex evolve during adaptation to more complex environments[J],2017,114(3).
APA	Luijckx P..,Ho Ho E.K..,Gasim M..,Chen S..,Stanic A..,...&Agrawal A.F..(2017).Higher rates of sex evolve during adaptation to more complex environments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(3).
MLA	Luijckx P.,et al."Higher rates of sex evolve during adaptation to more complex environments".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114.3(2017).