气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague; climate; and conflict

CCPortal

DOI	10.1073/pnas.1904515116
	Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague; climate; and conflict
	McConnell J.R.; Chellman N.J.; Wilson A.I.; Stohl A.; Arienzo M.M.; Eckhardt S.; Fritzsche D.; Kipfstuhl S.; Opel T.; Place P.F.; Steffensen J.P.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	14910
结束页码	14915
卷号	116 期号:30
英文摘要	Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects large-scale historical changes in midlatitude industrial activities such as ancient lead/silver production and recent fossil fuel burning. Here we used measurements in a broad array of 13 accurately dated ice cores from Greenland and Severnaya Zemlya to document spatial and temporal changes in Arctic lead pollution from 200 BCE to 2010 CE, with interpretation focused on 500 to 2010 CE. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that Arctic lead pollution was primarily from European emissions before the 19th-century Industrial Revolution. Temporal variability was surprisingly similar across the large swath of the Arctic represented by the array, with 250- to 300-fold increases in lead pollution observed from the Early Middle Ages to the 1970s industrial peak. Superimposed on these exponential changes were pronounced, multiannual to multidecadal variations, marked by increases coincident with exploitation of new mining regions, improved technologies, and periods of economic prosperity; and decreases coincident with climate disruptions, famines, major wars, and plagues. Results suggest substantial overall growth in lead/silver mining and smelting emissions—and so silver production—from the Early through High Middle Ages, particularly in northern Europe, with lower growth during the Late Middle Ages into the Early Modern Period. Near the end of the second plague pandemic (1348 to ∼1700 CE), lead pollution increased sharply through the Industrial Revolution. North American and European pollution abatement policies have reduced Arctic lead pollution by >80% since the 1970s, but recent levels remain ∼60-fold higher than at the start of the Middle Ages. © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Arctic; Ice core; Lead pollution; Middle Ages; Plague
语种	英语
scopus关键词	lead; silver; Arctic; Article; atmospheric transport; climate; economic aspect; environmental exploitation; Greenland; growth rate; industrialization; Middle Ages; mining; North American; pandemic; plague; pollution; priority journal; Russian Federation
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/160395
作者单位	McConnell, J.R., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Chellman, N.J., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Wilson, A.I., Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LU, United Kingdom, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2PG, United Kingdom; Stohl, A., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Arienzo, M.M., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Eckhardt, S., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Fritzsche, D., Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Potsdam, 14473, Germany; Kipfstuhl, S., Glaciology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germ...
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	McConnell J.R.,Chellman N.J.,Wilson A.I.,et al. Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague; climate; and conflict[J],2019,116(30).
APA	McConnell J.R..,Chellman N.J..,Wilson A.I..,Stohl A..,Arienzo M.M..,...&Steffensen J.P..(2019).Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague; climate; and conflict.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,116(30).
MLA	McConnell J.R.,et al."Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague; climate; and conflict".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116.30(2019).