气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.2002722117
	Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom
	McConnell J.R.; Sigl M.; Plunkett G.; Burke A.; Kim W.M.; Raible C.C.; Wilson A.I.; Manning J.G.; Ludlow F.; Chellman N.J.; Innes H.M.; Yang Z.; Larsen J.F.; Schaefer J.R.; Kipfstuhl S.; Mojtabavi S.; Wilhelms F.; Opel T.; Meyer H.; Steffensen J.P.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	15443
结束页码	15449
卷号	117 期号:27
英文摘要	The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
英文关键词	Climate forcing; Ice core; Okmok; Rome; Volcano
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Alaska; Arctic; Article; astronomy; climate change; environmental temperature; geochemistry; historical period; hydroclimate; latitude; Northern Hemisphere; politics; priority journal; seasonal variation; Southern Europe; volcano; Western world; adverse event; climate; climate change; cold climate; crop; disaster; history; hunger; ice cover; Roman world; volcano; Alaska; Climate; Climate Change; Cold Climate; Crops, Agricultural; Disasters; Famine; History, Ancient; Ice Cover; Mediterranean Region; Politics; Roman World; Volcanic Eruptions
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/160266
作者单位	McConnell, J.R., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States, Sir Nicholas Shackleton Visiting Fellow, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9AL, United Kingdom; Sigl, M., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Plunkett, G., School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom; Burke, A., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom; Kim, W.M., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland; Raible, C.C., Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Univ...
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	McConnell J.R.,Sigl M.,Plunkett G.,et al. Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom[J],2020,117(27).
APA	McConnell J.R..,Sigl M..,Plunkett G..,Burke A..,Kim W.M..,...&Steffensen J.P..(2020).Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,117(27).
MLA	McConnell J.R.,et al."Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117.27(2020).