气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: Effect of nitrogen application rate; nitrogen form; tillage practice and irrigation strategy

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DOI	10.5194/hess-22-3245-2018
	Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: Effect of nitrogen application rate; nitrogen form; tillage practice and irrigation strategy
	Chukalla A.D.; Krol M.S.; Hoekstra A.Y.
发表日期	2018
ISSN	1027-5606
起始页码	3245
结束页码	3259
卷号	22 期号:6
英文摘要	Grey water footprint (WF) reduction is essential given the increasing water pollution associated with food production and the limited assimilation capacity of fresh water. Fertilizer application can contribute significantly to the grey WF as a result of nutrient leaching to groundwater and runoff to streams. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of the nitrogen application rate (from 25 to 300kNha-1), nitrogen form (inorganic N or manure N), tillage practice (conventional or no-tillage) and irrigation strategy (full or deficit irrigation) on the nitrogen load to groundwater and surface water, crop yield and the N-related grey water footprint of crop production by a systematic model-based assessment. As a case study, we consider irrigated maize grown in Spain on loam soil in a semi-arid environment, whereby we simulate the 20-year period 1993-2012. The water and nitrogen balances of the soil and plant growth at the field scale were simulated with the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. As a reference management package, we assume the use of inorganic N (nitrate), conventional tillage and full irrigation. For this reference, the grey WF at a usual N application rate of 300 kgNha- (with crop yield of 11.1 t ha-/ is 1100m3 t-, which can be reduced by 91% towards 95m3 t- when the N application rate is reduced to 50 kgNha- (with a yield of 3.7 t ha-/. The grey WF can be further reduced to 75m3 t- by shifting the management package to manure N and deficit irrigation (with crop yield of 3.5 t ha-/. Although water pollution can thus be reduced dramatically, this comes together with a great yield reduction, and a much lower water productivity (larger green plus blue WF) as well. The overall (green, blue and grey) WF per tonne is found to be minimal at an N application rate of 150 kgNha-, with manure, no-tillage and deficit irrigation (with crop yield of 9.3 t ha-/. The paper shows that there is a trade-off between grey WF and crop yield, as well as a trade-off between reducing water pollution (grey WF) and water consumption (green and blue WF). Applying manure instead of inorganic N and deficit instead of full irrigation are measures that reduce both water pollution and water consumption with a 16% loss in yield. © Author(s) 2018.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Agricultural machinery; Crops; Cultivation; Economic and social effects; Fertilizers; Groundwater; Irrigation; Manures; Oil spills; River pollution; Soils; Surface waters; Water management; Agricultural policies; Conventional tillage; Fertilizer applications; Nitrogen application rates; Reference management; Semi-arid environments; Systematic modeling; Water productivity; Pollution control; crop production; crop yield; fertilizer application; food production; groundwater; groundwater-surface water interaction; irrigation system; management practice; nitrogen; reduction; runoff; sandy loam; strategic approach; streamwater; tillage; water pollution; Spain; Zea mays
来源期刊	Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/160004
作者单位	Chukalla, A.D., Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Krol, M.S., Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; Hoekstra, A.Y., Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Chukalla A.D.,Krol M.S.,Hoekstra A.Y.. Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: Effect of nitrogen application rate; nitrogen form; tillage practice and irrigation strategy[J],2018,22(6).
APA	Chukalla A.D.,Krol M.S.,&Hoekstra A.Y..(2018).Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: Effect of nitrogen application rate; nitrogen form; tillage practice and irrigation strategy.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,22(6).
MLA	Chukalla A.D.,et al."Grey water footprint reduction in irrigated crop production: Effect of nitrogen application rate; nitrogen form; tillage practice and irrigation strategy".Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22.6(2018).