气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements

CCPortal

DOI	10.5194/hess-24-4025-2020
	Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements
	Smith C.D.; Ross A.; Kochendorfer J.; Earle M.E.; Wolff M.; Buisán S.; Roulet Y.-A.; Laine T.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	1027-5606
起始页码	4025
结束页码	4043
卷号	24 期号:8
英文摘要	The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) involved extensive field intercomparisons of automated instruments for measuring snow during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 winter seasons. A key outcome of SPICE was the development of transfer functions for the wind bias adjustment of solid precipitation measurements using various precipitation gauge and wind shield configurations. Due to the short intercomparison period, the data set was not sufficiently large to develop and evaluate transfer functions using independent precipitation measurements, although on average the adjustments were effective at reducing the bias in unshielded gauges from 33:4% to 1.1 %. The present analysis uses data collected at eight SPICE sites over the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winter periods, comparing 30 min adjusted and unadjusted measurements from Geonor T- 200B3 and OTT Pluvio2 precipitation gauges in different shield configurations to the WMO Double Fence Automated Reference (DFAR) for the evaluation of the transfer function. Performance is assessed in terms of relative total catch (RTC), root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation (r), and percentage of events (PEs) within 0.1mm of the DFAR. Metrics are reported for combined precipitation types and for snow only. The evaluation shows that the performance varies substantially by site. Adjusted RTC varies from 54% to 123 %, RMSE from 0.07 to 0.38 mm, r from 0.28 to 0.94, and PEs from 37% to 84 %, depending on precipitation phase, site, and gauge configuration (gauge and wind screen type). Generally, windier sites, such as Haukeliseter (Norway) and Bratt's Lake (Canada), exhibit a net under-adjustment (RTC of 54% to 83 %), while the less windy sites, such as Sodankylä (Finland) and Caribou Creek (Canada), exhibit a net over-adjustment (RTC of 102% to 123 %). Although the application of transfer functions is necessary to mitigate wind bias in solid precipitation measurements, especially at windy sites and for unshielded gauges, the variability in the performance metrics among sites suggests that the functions be applied with caution. © Author(s) 2020.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Circuit simulation; Correlation methods; Function evaluation; Gages; Mean square error; Meteorological instruments; Snow; Performance metrics; Precipitation gauges; Precipitation measurement; Precipitation phase; Root mean square errors; Shield configuration; Solid precipitation; World meteorological organizations; Transfer functions; experimental study; measurement method; precipitation (climatology); solid; transfer function; Rangifer tarandus
来源期刊	Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/159326
作者单位	Smith, C.D., Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, S7N 3H5, Canada; Ross, A., Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, S7N 3H5, Canada, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N3H5, Canada; Kochendorfer, J., Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division, Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States; Earle, M.E., Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, B2Y2N6, Canada; Wolff, M., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, 0313, Norway; Buisán, S., Delegación Territorial de AEMET, Spanish National Meteorological Agency) en Aragón, Zaragoza, 50007, Spain; Roulet, Y.-A., MeteoSwiss, Payerne, 1530, Switzerland; Laine, T., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00101, Finland
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Smith C.D.,Ross A.,Kochendorfer J.,et al. Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements[J],2020,24(8).
APA	Smith C.D..,Ross A..,Kochendorfer J..,Earle M.E..,Wolff M..,...&Laine T..(2020).Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,24(8).
MLA	Smith C.D.,et al."Evaluation of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) transfer functions for adjusting the wind bias in solid precipitation measurements".Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24.8(2020).