气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity

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DOI	10.1073/pnas.1721818115
	Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity
	McConnell J.R.; Wilson A.I.; Stohl A.; Arienzo M.M.; Chellman N.J.; Eckhardt S.; Thompson E.M.; Pollard A.M.; Steffensen J.P.
发表日期	2018
ISSN	0027-8424
起始页码	5726
结束页码	5731
卷号	115 期号:22
英文摘要	Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences.
英文关键词	Antiquity; Ice core; lead pollution; Plague; War
语种	英语
scopus关键词	lead; silver; ice; lead; air pollution; Antiquity; Article; atmospheric transport; complement deposition; continental ice; controlled study; Greenland; high temperature; measurement precision; pollution transport; priority journal; sensitivity analysis; sustainable growth; analysis; epidemic; history; human; mining; pollutant; Roman world; war; Armed Conflicts; Disease Outbreaks; Environmental Pollutants; Extraction and Processing Industry; Greenland; History, Ancient; Humans; Ice; Lead; Roman World; Silver
来源期刊	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/159049
作者单位	McConnell, J.R., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States, All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4AL, United Kingdom; Wilson, A.I., Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LU, United Kingdom, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Stohl, A., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Arienzo, M.M., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Chellman, N.J., Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Eckhardt, S., Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, N-2027, Norway; Thompson, E.M., School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Pollard, A.M., School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TG, United Kingdom; Steffensen, J.P., Ce...
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	McConnell J.R.,Wilson A.I.,Stohl A.,et al. Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity[J],2018,115(22).
APA	McConnell J.R..,Wilson A.I..,Stohl A..,Arienzo M.M..,Chellman N.J..,...&Steffensen J.P..(2018).Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115(22).
MLA	McConnell J.R.,et al."Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues; wars; and imperial expansion during antiquity".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115.22(2018).