气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): 中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响

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	中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响
其他题名	Agricultural intensification and its impact on environment during Neolithic Age in northern China
	董广辉; 张山佳; 杨谊时; 陈建徽; 陈发虎
发表日期	2016
ISSN	0023-074X
卷号	61 期号:26 页码:2913-2925
中文摘要	人类世是当前备受关注的热点科学问题,尚存在较多争议.研究不同时空尺度人类活动对环境的影响,对探讨该问题具有重要意义.本研究系统总结了中国北方新石器时代植物考古、骨骼碳同位素和碳十四测年的研究进展,并与古环境记录中黑炭研究进行对比,梳理了中国北方新石器时代粟黍农业强化和扩张的时空过程,及其对环境的可能影响.结果显示,距今10000~7000年前,中国北方整体处于原始粟黍农业阶段,距今7700年之后在内蒙古东部出现最早粟黍农业经济的迹象;距今7000~6000年前,粟黍生产中心转移至关中地区,是粟黍农业建立的过渡时期;距今6000~4000年前,粟黍农业在中国北方广泛扩张,推动了新石器晚期文化的繁盛和人口的显著增长.中国北方新石器时代黑炭指标(EC-soot)的时空变化过程与粟黍农业强化和扩张过程有很好的对应,显示粟黍农业生产活动对火灾频率产生了重要的影响.本研究为理解新石器时代粟黍农业发展历程和人与环境的相互作用,深入探讨人类世问题提供了重要的研究案例.
英文摘要	The nature of an Anthropocene has been increasingly discussed and debated in the last two decades, with a focus on the arguments for or against the Anthropocene as a geological epoch. Some argue for an onset of Anthropocene between 1945?1964 AD, when intensive atmospheric nuclear testing resulted in peak values of ~(14)C that is widely recorded in tree rings and sediments, while other scholars argued its beginning may be traced back to the early Holocene. This latter argument is related to the beginnings of significant landscape modification through the development and spread of agricultural practices in old world since 10000 a BP. The Yellow River valley of northern China is the center for the domestication of millet crops (broomcorn millet and foxtail millet), however, the intensification and expansion of millet-based agriculture during the Neolithic period and its impact on the environment has not been well understood. Recent development of archaeometry methods and their application to archaeological research, such as archaeobotanical studies, and carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and animal bones unearthed from Neolithic and Bronze sites in north China, has greatly deepened our understanding of the timing of millet-based agriculture and its development. In parallel, the analysis of paleoenvironment proxies including black carbon and pollen assemblages from natural sediments, has shed light on the impact of human slash-and-burn cultivation on their surrounding environments during both prehistoric and historical times. This paper reviews carbon isotope analysis of human, pig and dog bones, and radiocarbon dates from Neolithic sites, and compares them with black carbon content from palaeoenvironment records in northern China, in order to explore the temporal-spatial intensification and expansion of millet-based agriculture in the area and its possible impact on environment. It can be concluded that millet cultivation was an auxiliary subsistence strategy in northern China from 10000 to 7000 a BP with hunting-gathering the primary subsistence strategy, the earliest millet-cultivation might have emerged in eastern Inner Mongolia post 7700 a BP. Millet cultivation transited from a secondary strategy to become dominant in the Guanzhong area of north-central China during 7000?6000 a BP, and probably facilitated the development of early Yangshao culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River valley. Intensive millet-based agriculture emerged and widely expanded across the Yellow River valley in northern China during 6000?4000 a BP. This promoted rapid population growth and cultural evolution in the late Neolithic period, and was key in the subsequent emergence of the ancient Chinese civilization. The temporal-spatial variation of black carbon (EC-soot) corresponds well with the intensification and expansion of millet-based agriculture during Neolithic period. The content of EC-soot increased in sediments of Daihai lake and the Horqin sandy lands in Inner Mongolia from about 7500 a BP soon after farming of millet appeared in Xinglongwa and Xinglonggou sites nearby, which evidently increased in Shaanxi Province of north central China post 6000 a BP, when intensive millet-based agriculture firstly emerged in the area. This suggests millet agriculture production activities exerted significant impact on fire frequency in northern China during the Neolithic, and thus the scale and intensity of the impact of farming increased from that period. This work provides a valuable case study for understanding the temporal and spatial development of millet agriculture, and human-environment interactions in northern China during Neolithic period from an Anthropocene perspective.
关键词	粟黍农业新石器时代人类活动环境变化人类世
英文关键词	millet-based agriculture;Neolithic Age;human activities;environment change;Anthropocene
语种	中文
WOS研究方向	Agriculture
WOS类目	AGRICULTURE MULTIDISCIPLINARY
CSCD记录号	CSCD:5792514
来源期刊	科学通报
来源机构	兰州大学 ; 中国科学院青藏高原研究所
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/1575
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	董广辉,张山佳,杨谊时,等. 中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响[J]. 兰州大学, 中国科学院青藏高原研究所,2016,61(26):2913-2925.
APA	董广辉,张山佳,杨谊时,陈建徽,&陈发虎.(2016).中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响.科学通报,61(26),2913-2925.
MLA	董广辉,et al."中国北方新石器时代农业强化及对环境的影响".科学通报 61.26(2016):2913-2925.