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DOI	10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118376
	Field and laboratory responses of earthworms to use of wood ash as a forest soil amendment
	McTavish M.J.; Gorgolewski A.; Murphy S.D.; Basiliko N.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	0378-1127
卷号	474
英文摘要	Wood ash is produced by burning wood residues for energy and is often landfilled but can be more sustainably used as a forest soil amendment. We investigated how different fly and bottom wood ashes applied at a moderate 10 Mg∙ha−1 (dry) affected earthworms, a key group of forest soil biota. We conducted a field experiment with different wood ashes and application timings to determine the effects on population densities of different earthworm functional groups three weeks and one year post-amendment. We also used three laboratory microcosm experiments focused on the geographically widespread and ecologically influential anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris to test how wood ashes affect acute survivorship as well as habitat avoidance and surface feeding behaviors. In the field, wood ash amendment generally decreased or had no impact on earthworm densities in the first three weeks following amendment (with density decreases up to − 52 m−2), but had neutral or minor positive impacts one year later (up to + 21 m−2). In the laboratory, wood ashes generally had no effects on short-term earthworm survivorship or growth, but earthworms did respond behaviorally to certain wood ashes by habitat avoidance and reduced surface activity, with decreases in the overall frequency of aboveground events (−63%), the individual duration of each event (−63%), and the percentage of events that involved contact with litter (−53%). Across all experiments, fly ash tended to have a stronger effect than bottom ash. Overall, our study suggests that while some wood ashes may have limited short-term impacts on earthworm abundances, they may cause more subtle but ecologically important behavioral changes. Additionally, these earthworm-wood ash interactions are likely influenced by highly scenario-specific circumstances, including wood ash type, application site, and timing of application. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
英文关键词	Biomass boilers; Bottom ash; Fly ash; Soil fauna; Soil microcosm; Toxicity
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Ash handling; Ecosystems; Fly ash; Forestry; Population statistics; Soils; Anecic earthworms; Application timing; Behavioral changes; Field experiment; Laboratory microcosm; Lumbricus terrestris; Population densities; Surface activities; Wood; ash; feeding behavior; field method; forest soil; functional group; growth; laboratory method; population density; soil amendment; survivorship; Application; Ecosystems; Experimentation; Fly Ash; Forestry; Soil Conditioners; Wood; Lumbricus terrestris
来源期刊	Forest Ecology and Management
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/155084
作者单位	School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Graduate Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada; Department of Biology and the Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, P3E 2C6 ON, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	McTavish M.J.,Gorgolewski A.,Murphy S.D.,et al. Field and laboratory responses of earthworms to use of wood ash as a forest soil amendment[J],2020,474.
APA	McTavish M.J.,Gorgolewski A.,Murphy S.D.,&Basiliko N..(2020).Field and laboratory responses of earthworms to use of wood ash as a forest soil amendment.Forest Ecology and Management,474.
MLA	McTavish M.J.,et al."Field and laboratory responses of earthworms to use of wood ash as a forest soil amendment".Forest Ecology and Management 474(2020).