气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Climate and growing season variability impacted the intensity and distribution of Fremont maize farmers during and after the Medieval Climate Anomaly based on a statistically downscaled climate model

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DOI	10.1088/1748-9326/aba57e
	Climate and growing season variability impacted the intensity and distribution of Fremont maize farmers during and after the Medieval Climate Anomaly based on a statistically downscaled climate model
	Thomson M.J.; MacDonald G.M.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	17489318
卷号	15 期号:10
英文摘要	The rise and decline of many complex, pre-European maize-farming cultures in the American Southwest coincides with the warm, climatically quiescent Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ca. 850-1350 CE) and transition to the cool, hydrologically variable Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 1350-1850 CE). The effects of drought on early subsistence agriculture in the Southwest is well studied, but the impact of temperature stress and variability on the growth of maize crops and which areas were most resilient to such stress remain open questions. We statistically downscaled outputs from a paleo-climate model experiment (CESM1 LME) to map changes to cumulative growing degree days for maize (GDD, 30/10 °C) and precipitation over Utah between 850 and 1449 CE, and downscaled GDD changes to local Fremont Culture archaeological site occupations from radiocarbon-dated contexts mapped as spatially discrete kernel density estimates of summed probability distributions (SPDs). We then analyzed correspondences between Fremont SPDs and GDD/precipitation between 850 and 1449 CE. In general, we found (1) high Fremont occupation intensity coincident with GDD that is less volatile than the long term average, and low occupation intensity coincident with, or following, periods of volatile GDD; (2) intensified occupation of high-elevation sites during the MCA, followed by a retreat to lower elevation sites coincident with a sudden rise in annual temperature volatility and increasing drought conditions; and (3) these occupation changes occurred in spite of the greater temperatures and variability in GDD at low-elevation sites. We found evidence that increased inter-annual variability of growing seasons prior to the onset of the LIA, was likely a determinant of Fremont subsistence strategy decision making, and high-elevation site occupation. The most resilient Fremont occupations in the face of these challenges were sited where growing season lengths were least variable. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
英文关键词	Climate; Fremont; Growing degree days; Temperature variability; Zea mays
语种	英语
scopus关键词	Agricultural robots; Agriculture; Decision making; Drought; Employment; Probability distributions; Annual temperatures; Growing season lengths; Impact of temperatures; Interannual variability; Kernel density estimate; Medieval climate anomalies; Strategy decision makings; Subsistence agriculture; Climate models; archaeology; climate change; climate modeling; downscaling; growing season; maize; Medieval; occupation; paleoclimate; precipitation (climatology); probability density function; seasonal variation; United States; Utah; Zea mays
来源期刊	Environmental Research Letters
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/153633
作者单位	National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, United States; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1-A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria; Department of Geography, University of California, 1255 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, La Kretz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St.Andrews, St.Andrews Fife, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Thomson M.J.,MacDonald G.M.. Climate and growing season variability impacted the intensity and distribution of Fremont maize farmers during and after the Medieval Climate Anomaly based on a statistically downscaled climate model[J],2020,15(10).
APA	Thomson M.J.,&MacDonald G.M..(2020).Climate and growing season variability impacted the intensity and distribution of Fremont maize farmers during and after the Medieval Climate Anomaly based on a statistically downscaled climate model.Environmental Research Letters,15(10).
MLA	Thomson M.J.,et al."Climate and growing season variability impacted the intensity and distribution of Fremont maize farmers during and after the Medieval Climate Anomaly based on a statistically downscaled climate model".Environmental Research Letters 15.10(2020).