气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)

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DOI	10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.018
	Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)
	Vinn O.; Ernst A.; Wilson M.A.; Toom U.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	0031-0182
起始页码	89
结束页码	96
卷号	518
英文摘要	The trepostome bryozoans Diplotrypa abnormis, D. bicornis, D. petropolitana, Esthoniopora communis, E. subsphaerica, Mesotrypa excentrica, M. expressa, M. raritabulata, and Monotrypa jewensis have symbiotic associations with the conulariid Climacoconus bottnicus in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia. All bryoimmured conulariids are very small and oriented perpendicular (or nearly so) to the growth surface of the host trepostome colony. Muddy seafloors may have promoted this symbiosis between conulariids and bryozoans because the former required a hard substrate for attachment. It is possible that the numerous smaller specimens among endobiotic conulariids usually died as juveniles together with their bryozoan host, or alternatively, the smaller endobiotic conulariids may have been Lilliput forms of free-living conulariids that died at a mature age. Conulariid-trepostome associations were likely not a result of accidental intergrowth of two organisms. Additional protection against predators provided by the calcitic bryozoan skeleton may have been among the benefits for the conulariid symbionts. Usually trepostomes with conulariid symbionts do not contain other invertebrates, but in the Katian in some cases they also hosted Anoigmaichnus bioclaustrations. The exact type of symbiosis between trepostomes and conulariids remains unresolved, but most likely the associations were slightly parasitic or commensal. The available data suggest that bryozoans preferred cnidarians over the other invertebrates as symbionts. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	bryozoan; colony; growth; host-symbiont interaction; invertebrate; morphology; Ordovician; seafloor; skeleton; symbiosis; Estonia; Bryozoa; Cnidaria; Conulariida; Invertebrata
来源期刊	Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/151066
作者单位	Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, Tartu, 50411, Estonia; Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, Hamburg, 20146, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, United States; Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Vinn O.,Ernst A.,Wilson M.A.,et al. Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)[J],2019,518.
APA	Vinn O.,Ernst A.,Wilson M.A.,&Toom U..(2019).Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica).Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,518.
MLA	Vinn O.,et al."Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica)".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 518(2019).