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DOI	10.5194/acp-19-1077-2019
	Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: Satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models
	Zhang Z.; Song H.; Ma P.-L.; Larson V.E.; Wang M.; Dong X.; Wang J.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	16807316
起始页码	1077
结束页码	1096
卷号	19 期号:2
英文摘要	One of the challenges in representing warm rain processes in global climate models (GCMs) is related to the representation of the subgrid variability of cloud properties, such as cloud water and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and the effect thereof on individual precipitation processes such as autoconversion. This effect is conventionally treated by multiplying the resolved-scale warm rain process rates by an enhancement factor (Eq ) which is derived from integrating over an assumed subgrid cloud water distribution. The assumed subgrid cloud distribution remains highly uncertain. In this study, we derive the subgrid variations of liquid-phase cloud properties over the tropical ocean using the satellite remote sensing products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and investigate the corresponding enhancement factors for the GCM parameterization of autoconversion rate. We find that the conventional approach of using only subgrid variability of cloud water is insufficient and that the subgrid variability of CDNC, as well as the correlation between the two, is also important for correctly simulating the autoconversion process in GCMs. Using the MODIS data which have near-global data coverage, we find that Eq shows a strong dependence on cloud regimes due to the fact that the subgrid variability of cloud water and CDNC is regime dependent. Our analysis shows a significant increase of Eq from the stratocumulus (Sc) to cumulus (Cu) regions. Furthermore, the enhancement factor EN due to the subgrid variation of CDNC is derived from satellite observation for the first time, and results reveal several regions downwind of biomass burning aerosols (e.g., Gulf of Guinea, east coast of South Africa), air pollution (i.e., East China Sea), and active volcanos (e.g., Kilauea, Hawaii, and Ambae, Vanuatu), where the EN is comparable to or even larger than Eq , suggesting an important role of aerosol in influencing the EN. MODIS observations suggest that the subgrid variations of cloud liquid water path (LWP) and CDNC are generally positively correlated. As a result, the combined enhancement factor, including the effect of LWP and CDNC correlation, is significantly smaller than the simple product of Eq-EN. Given the importance of warm rain processes in understanding the Earth's system dynamics and water cycle, we conclude that more observational studies are needed to provide a better constraint on the warm rain processes in GCMs. © Author(s) 2019.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	climate modeling; cloud microphysics; cloud water; droplet; global climate; MODIS; rainfall; remote sensing; satellite imagery; Atlantic Ocean; East China Sea; Gulf of Guinea; Pacific Ocean
来源期刊	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/144691
作者单位	Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, United States; Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, UMBC, Baltimore, MD, United States; Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Department of Information Systems, UMBC, Baltimore, MD, United States
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Zhang Z.,Song H.,Ma P.-L.,et al. Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: Satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models[J],2019,19(2).
APA	Zhang Z..,Song H..,Ma P.-L..,Larson V.E..,Wang M..,...&Wang J..(2019).Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: Satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,19(2).
MLA	Zhang Z.,et al."Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: Satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models".Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19.2(2019).