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DOI	10.5194/acp-19-9865-2019
	Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements
	Say D.; Ganesan A.L.; Lunt M.F.; Rigby M.; O'Doherty S.; Harth C.; Manning A.J.; Krummel P.B.; Bauguitte S.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	16807316
起始页码	9865
结束页码	9885
卷号	19 期号:15
英文摘要	As the second most populous country and third fastest growing economy, India has emerged as a global economic power. As such, its emissions of greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases are of global significance. However, unlike neighbouring China, the Indian sub-continent is very poorly monitored by atmospheric measurement networks. India's halocarbon emissions, here defined as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorocarbons, are not well-known. Previous measurements from the region have been obtained at observatories many hundreds of kilometres from source regions, or at high altitudes, limiting their value for the estimation of regional emission rates. Given the projected rapid growth in demand for refrigerants and solvents in India, emission estimates of these halocarbons are urgently needed to provide a benchmark against which future changes can be evaluated. In this study, we report atmosphericmeasurement-derived halocarbon emissions from India. With the exception of dichloromethane, these top-down estimates are the first for India's halocarbons. Air samples were collected at low altitude during an aircraft campaign in June and July 2016, and emissions were derived from measurements of these samples using an inverse modelling framework. These results were evaluated to assess India's progress in phasing out ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol. India's combined CFC emissions are estimated to be 54 (27-86) Tg CO2 eq: yr-1 (5th and 95th confidence intervals are shown in parentheses). HCFC-22 emissions of 7.8 (6.0-9.9) Gg yr-1 are of similar magnitude to emissions of HFC-134a (8.2 (6.1-10.7) Gg yr-1). We estimate India's HFC-23 emissions to be 1.2 (0.9-1.5) Gg yr-1, and our results are consistent with resumed venting of HFC- 23 by HCFC-22 manufacturers following the discontinuation of funding for abatement under the Clean Development Mechanism. We report small emissions of HFC-32 and HFC- 143a and provide evidence to suggest that HFC-32 emissions were primarily due to fugitive emissions during manufacturing processes. A lack of significant correlation among HFC species and the small emissions derived for HFC-32 and HFC-143a indicate that in 2016, India's use of refrigerant blends R-410A, R-404A and R-507A was limited, despite extensive consumption elsewhere in the world. We also estimate emissions of the regulated chlorocarbons carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform from northern and central India to be 2.3 (1.5-3.4) and 0.07 (0.04-0.10) Gg yr-1 respectively. While the Montreal Protocol has been successful in reducing emissions of many ozone-depleting substances, growth in the global emission rates of the unregulated very short-lived substances poses an ongoing threat to the recovery of the ozone layer. Emissions of dichloromethane are found to be 96.5 (77.8-115.6) Gg yr-1, and our estimate suggests a 5-fold increase in emissions since the last estimate derived from atmospheric data in 2008. We estimate perchloroethene emissions from India and chloroform emissions from northern-central India to be 2.9 (2.5-3.3) and 32.2 (28.3-37.1) Gg yr-1 respectively. Given the rapid growth of India's economy and the likely increase in demand for halocarbons such as HFCs, the implementation of long-term atmospheric monitoring in the region is urgently required. Our results provide a benchmark against which future changes to India's halocarbon emissions may be evaluated. © 2019 Author(s).
语种	英语
scopus关键词	air sampling; atmospheric chemistry; concentration (composition); emission control; greenhouse gas; halocarbon; India
来源期刊	Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/144233
作者单位	School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom; School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, United States; Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom; Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia; Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Say D.,Ganesan A.L.,Lunt M.F.,et al. Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements[J],2019,19(15).
APA	Say D..,Ganesan A.L..,Lunt M.F..,Rigby M..,O'Doherty S..,...&Bauguitte S..(2019).Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,19(15).
MLA	Say D.,et al."Emissions of halocarbons from India inferred through atmospheric measurements".Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19.15(2019).