气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression

CCPortal

DOI	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163
	Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression
	Le Billon P.; Lujala P.
发表日期	2020
ISSN	0959-3780
卷号	65
英文摘要	Environmental and land defenders play a crucial role in attempts to slow down environmental change and address power inequalities in land-use and resource development. Yet, they frequently face repression, including defamation, criminalization, and assassination. Recent policy and media coverage initiatives have provided much needed attention to the protection and support of defenders, but there has so far been little systematic analysis of patterns and determinants of repression at multiple scales. Here, we use databases providing the best available worldwide record of cases of socio-environmental conflicts and killings of defenders to identify patterns of repression and potential determinants of killings. Globally, about a third of socio-environmental conflicts involve mass mobilization, arrests and direct forms of violence. These ‘high intensity’ conflicts are more frequent in Asia and Latin America. At least 1734 killings of environmental and land defenders took place in a total of 53 countries between 2002 and 2018, most of them occurring in Brazil, the Philippines, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Peru. Our multivariate analysis indicates that major country-level determinants of killings include income level, foreign direct investment, dependency on mineral extraction, regime type, frequency of protest movements, and size of Indigenous populations. We suggest that more systematic reporting and analysis of repression – including through subnational level studies for which we provide testable hypotheses – can help protect and support defenders, notably through conflict-sensitive investment policies and greater accountability for abuses. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
英文关键词	Environmental change; Environmental defenders; Environmental movements; Indigenous peoples; Natural resources; Repression
语种	英语
scopus关键词	environmental change; equity; foreign direct investment; global change; indigenous population; investment incentive; land use change; mineral alteration; multivariate analysis; urban development; violence; Brazil; Colombia; Honduras; Latin America; Mexico [North America]; Peru; Philippines
来源期刊	Global Environmental Change
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/141984
作者单位	Department of Geography and School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Canada; Academy of Finland Research Fellow, Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Le Billon P.,Lujala P.. Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression[J],2020,65.
APA	Le Billon P.,&Lujala P..(2020).Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression.Global Environmental Change,65.
MLA	Le Billon P.,et al."Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression".Global Environmental Change 65(2020).