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DOI	10.1038/s41561-019-0385-8
	Ammonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons
	Höpfner M.; Ungermann J.; Borrmann S.; Wagner R.; Spang R.; Riese M.; Stiller G.; Appel O.; Batenburg A.M.; Bucci S.; Cairo F.; Dragoneas A.; Friedl-Vallon F.; Hünig A.; Johansson S.; Krasauskas L.; Legras B.; Leisner T.; Mahnke C.; Möhler O.; Molleker S.; Müller R.; Neubert T.; Orphal J.; Preusse P.; Rex M.; Saathoff H.; Stroh F.; Weigel R.; Wohltmann I.
发表日期	2019
ISSN	17520894
卷号	12 期号:8
英文摘要	The rise of ammonia emissions in Asia is predicted to increase radiative cooling and air pollution by forming ammonium nitrate particles in the lower troposphere. There is, however, a severe lack of knowledge about ammonia and ammoniated aerosol particles in the upper troposphere and their possible effects on the formation of clouds. Here we employ satellite observations and high-altitude aircraft measurements, combined with atmospheric trajectory simulations and cloud-chamber experiments, to demonstrate the presence of ammonium nitrate particles and also track the source of the ammonia that forms into the particles. We found that during the Asian monsoon period, solid ammonium nitrate particles are surprisingly ubiquitous in the upper troposphere from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Western Pacific—even as early as in 1997. We show that this ammonium nitrate aerosol layer is fed by convection that transports large amounts of ammonia from surface sources into the upper troposphere. Impurities of ammonium sulfate allow the crystallization of ammonium nitrate even in the conditions, such as a high relative humidity, that prevail in the upper troposphere. Solid ammonium nitrate particles in the upper troposphere play a hitherto neglected role in ice cloud formation and aerosol indirect radiative forcing. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
语种	英语
scopus关键词	ammonium nitrate; ammonium sulfate; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric convection; atmospheric pollution; cooling; crystallization; monsoon; satellite altimetry; troposphere; Pacific Ocean; Pacific Ocean (West); Pacific Rim
来源期刊	Nature Geoscience
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/124631
作者单位	Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Stratosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany; Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, UMR8539, IPSL, CNRS/PSL-ENS/Sorbonne Université/École polytechnique, Paris, France; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Rome, Italy; Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics—Electronic Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Höpfner M.,Ungermann J.,Borrmann S.,et al. Ammonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons[J],2019,12(8).
APA	Höpfner M..,Ungermann J..,Borrmann S..,Wagner R..,Spang R..,...&Wohltmann I..(2019).Ammonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons.Nature Geoscience,12(8).
MLA	Höpfner M.,et al."Ammonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons".Nature Geoscience 12.8(2019).