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DOI	10.5194/tc-9-1523-2015
	Meteorological, elevation, and slope effects on surface hoar formation
	Horton S.; Schirmer M.; Jamieson B.
发表日期	2015
ISSN	19940416
卷号	9 期号:4
英文摘要	Failure in layers of buried surface hoar crystals (frost) can cause hazardous snow slab avalanches. Surface hoar crystals form on the snow surface and are sensitive to micro-meteorological conditions. In this study, the role of meteorological and terrain factors was investigated for three layers of surface hoar in the Columbia Mountains of Canada. The distribution of crystals over different elevations and aspects was observed on 20 days of field observations during a period of high pressure. The same layers were modelled over simplified terrain on a 2.5 km horizontal grid by forcing the snow cover model SNOWPACK with forecast weather data from a numerical weather prediction model. Modelled surface hoar growth was associated with warm air temperatures, high humidity, cold surface temperatures, and low wind speeds. Surface hoar was most developed in regions and elevation bands where these conditions existed, although strong winds at high elevations caused some model discrepancies. SNOWPACK simulations on virtual slopes systematically predicted smaller surface hoar on south-facing slopes. In the field, a complex combination of surface hoar and sun crusts were observed, suggesting the simplified model did not adequately resolve the surface energy balance on slopes. Overall, a coupled weather-snow cover model could benefit avalanche forecasters by predicting surface hoar layers on a regional scale over different elevation bands. © Author(s) 2015.
学科领域	abiotic factor; crystal structure; elevation; energy balance; high pressure; hoar frost; meteorology; numerical model; slope failure; snow avalanche; snow cover; snowpack; spatial distribution; surface energy; terrain; weather forecasting; Columbia Mountains
语种	英语
scopus关键词	abiotic factor; crystal structure; elevation; energy balance; high pressure; hoar frost; meteorology; numerical model; slope failure; snow avalanche; snow cover; snowpack; spatial distribution; surface energy; terrain; weather forecasting; Columbia Mountains
来源期刊	Cryosphere
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/119843
作者单位	Department of Civil Engineering, University of CalgaryAB, Canada; Centre for Hydrology, University of SaskatchewanSK, Canada
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Horton S.,Schirmer M.,Jamieson B.. Meteorological, elevation, and slope effects on surface hoar formation[J],2015,9(4).
APA	Horton S.,Schirmer M.,&Jamieson B..(2015).Meteorological, elevation, and slope effects on surface hoar formation.Cryosphere,9(4).
MLA	Horton S.,et al."Meteorological, elevation, and slope effects on surface hoar formation".Cryosphere 9.4(2015).