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DOI	10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015
	Soot on Snow experiment: Bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow
	Peltoniemi J.I.; Gritsevich M.; Hakala T.; Dagsson-Waldhauserová P.; Arnalds Ó.; Anttila K.; Hannula H.-R.; Kivekäs N.; Lihavainen H.; Meinander O.; Svensson J.; Virkkula A.; De Leeuw G.
发表日期	2015
ISSN	19940416
卷号	9 期号:6
英文摘要	In order to quantify the effects of absorbing contaminants on snow, a series of spectral reflectance measurements were conducted. Chimney soot, volcanic sand, and glaciogenic silt were deposited on a natural snow surface in a controlled way as a part of the Soot on Snow (SoS) campaign. The bidirectional reflectance factors of these soiled surfaces and untouched snow were measured using the Finnish Geodetic Institute's Field Goniospectropolariradiometer, FIGIFIGO. A remarkable feature is the fact that the absorbing contaminants on snow enhanced the metamorphism of snow under strong sunlight in our experiments. Immediately after deposition, the contaminated snow surface appeared darker than the natural snow in all viewing directions, but the absorbing particles sank deep into the snow in minutes. The nadir measurement remained the darkest, but at larger zenith angles, the surface of the contaminated snow changed back to almost as white as clean snow. Thus, for a ground observer the darkening caused by impurities can be completely invisible, overestimating the albedo, but a nadir-observing satellite sees the darkest points, underestimating the albedo. Through a reciprocity argument, we predict that at noon, the albedo perturbation should be lower than in the morning or afternoon. When sunlight stimulates sinking more than melting, the albedo should be higher in the afternoon than in the morning, and vice versa when melting dominates. However, differences in the hydrophobic properties, porosity, clumping, or size of the impurities may cause different results than observed in these measurements. © 2015 Author(s).
学科领域	albedo; bidirectional reflectance; cryosphere; experimental study; measurement method; snow; soot
语种	英语
scopus关键词	albedo; bidirectional reflectance; cryosphere; experimental study; measurement method; snow; soot
来源期刊	Cryosphere
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/119771
作者单位	Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI), Geodeetinrinne 2, Masala, Finland; Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Meteorological Institute Arctic Research Centre, Tähteläntie 62, Sodankylä, Finland; Agricultural University of Iceland, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hvanneyri, Iceland; University of Iceland, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Prague, Czech Republic; Ural Federal University, Institute of Physics and Technology, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Department of Environmental Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Peltoniemi J.I.,Gritsevich M.,Hakala T.,et al. Soot on Snow experiment: Bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow[J],2015,9(6).
APA	Peltoniemi J.I..,Gritsevich M..,Hakala T..,Dagsson-Waldhauserová P..,Arnalds Ó..,...&De Leeuw G..(2015).Soot on Snow experiment: Bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow.Cryosphere,9(6).
MLA	Peltoniemi J.I.,et al."Soot on Snow experiment: Bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow".Cryosphere 9.6(2015).