气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016: A year of record-low highs and higher-Than-expected lows

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DOI	10.5194/tc-12-433-2018
	The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016: A year of record-low highs and higher-Than-expected lows
	Petty A.A.; Stroeve J.C.; Holland P.R.; Boisvert L.N.; Bliss A.C.; Kimura N.; Meier W.N.
发表日期	2018
ISSN	19940416
卷号	12 期号:2
英文摘要	The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016 was highly noteworthy, as it featured record low monthly sea ice extents at the start of the year but a summer (September) extent that was higher than expected by most seasonal forecasts. Here we explore the 2016 Arctic sea ice state in terms of its monthly sea ice cover, placing this in the context of the sea ice conditions observed since 2000. We demonstrate the sensitivity of monthly Arctic sea ice extent and area estimates, in terms of their magnitude and annual rankings, to the ice concentration input data (using two widely used datasets) and to the averaging methodology used to convert concentration to extent (daily or monthly extent calculations). We use estimates of sea ice area over sea ice extent to analyse the relative "compactness" of the Arctic sea ice cover, highlighting anomalously low compactness in the summer of 2016 which contributed to the higher-Than-expected September ice extent. Two cyclones that entered the Arctic Ocean during August appear to have driven this low-concentration/compactness ice cover but were not sufficient to cause more widespread melt-out and a new record-low September ice extent. We use concentration budgets to explore the regions and processes (thermodynamics/dynamics) contributing to the monthly 2016 extent/area estimates highlighting, amongst other things, rapid ice intensification across the central eastern Arctic through September. Two different products show significant early melt onset across the Arctic Ocean in 2016, including record-early melt onset in the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic. Our results also show record-late 2016 freeze-up in the central Arctic, North Atlantic and the Alaskan Arctic sector in particular, associated with strong sea surface temperature anomalies that appeared shortly after the 2016 minimum (October onwards). We explore the implications of this low summer ice compactness for seasonal forecasting, suggesting that sea ice area could be a more reliable metric to forecast in this more seasonal, "New Arctic", sea ice regime. © Author(s) 2018.
学科领域	compaction; cyclone; freezing; ice cover; sea ice; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; sensitivity analysis; summer; Arctic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean (North)
语种	英语
scopus关键词	compaction; cyclone; freezing; ice cover; sea ice; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; sensitivity analysis; summer; Arctic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean; Atlantic Ocean (North)
来源期刊	Cryosphere
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/119227
作者单位	Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Center for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College London, London, United Kingdom; National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Petty A.A.,Stroeve J.C.,Holland P.R.,et al. The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016: A year of record-low highs and higher-Than-expected lows[J],2018,12(2).
APA	Petty A.A..,Stroeve J.C..,Holland P.R..,Boisvert L.N..,Bliss A.C..,...&Meier W.N..(2018).The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016: A year of record-low highs and higher-Than-expected lows.Cryosphere,12(2).
MLA	Petty A.A.,et al."The Arctic sea ice cover of 2016: A year of record-low highs and higher-Than-expected lows".Cryosphere 12.2(2018).