气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008

CCPortal

DOI	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.015
	Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008
	Ma L.; Guo J.; Velthof G.L.; Li Y.; Chen Q.; Ma W.; Oenema O.; Zhang F.
发表日期	2014
ISSN	0959-3780
卷号	28 期号:1
英文摘要	Rapid growth of metropolitan areas is associated with increased flows of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the food production-consumption system. However, quantitative analyses of these flows during urban expansion and information about their controlling factors are scarce.Here, we report on N and P flows in the food system of Beijing, which experienced a remarkable growth in population number between especially 1978-2008, using a combination of statistical data bases, surveys and the NUFER model (nutrient flow in the food system, environment and resource). The N (or P) cost of food is defined as the amount of 'new' N (or P) used in food production for the delivery of 1. kg N (or P) in the food entering household. 'New' N (P) includes fertilizer N (P), biological N fixation, atmospheric N deposition, and imports of N (P) via feed and food. Recycled N (P) includes N (P) in crop residues, manures and wastes. We found that the rapid increase in temporary migrants greatly increased food imports to Beijing metropolitan areas and thereby led to an apparent decrease of the N and P cost of food. The input of 'new' N to the food system of Beijing metropolitan areas increased from 180 to 281Gg, and for P from 33.5 to 50.4Gg during 1978-2008, as a result of increases in population and changes in food consumption patterns per capita. The food and feed imports in per cent of total 'new' N and P inputs increased from 31 to 63% for N and from 18 to 46% for P during 1978-2008. The N and P cost of the food was relatively low compared to the mean of China, and decreased over time. About 52% of the new N input and 85% of the new P input was not recycled in 2008, it accumulated as wastes (in crop residues, animal excreta, and human excreta and household wastes). The N and P use efficiencies in crop and animal production were low, i.e., only 17% for N and 11% for P in 2008. Total losses of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to air and of N to groundwater and surface waters increased by a factor of about 3, and losses of P to groundwater and surface waters increased by a factor of 37 in the period 1978-2008.Key measures for decreasing N and P accumulation and losses are (1) developing satellite towns, (2) expelling animal production to rural areas, and (3) effective collection of the wastes and animal manure, and the utilization of these in rural areas outside Beijing. These findings may also portend changes in other metropolitan areas in China and elsewhere in the rapidly developing world. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
英文关键词	Environmental impacts; Governance; Integrated assessment; Nutrient management; Recycling; Urbanization
学科领域	food security; metropolitan area; phosphorus cycle; population growth; population migration; sustainable development; urban development; urban ecosystem; ammonia; animal product; environmental impact assessment; food consumption; food production; governance approach; groundwater; integrated approach; nitrogen; nutrient cycling; nutrient use efficiency; phosphorus; quantitative analysis; recycling; rural area; spatiotemporal analysis; surface water; urbanization; Beijing [China]; China; Animalia
语种	英语
scopus关键词	food security; metropolitan area; phosphorus cycle; population growth; population migration; sustainable development; urban development; urban ecosystem; ammonia; animal product; environmental impact assessment; food consumption; food production; governance approach; groundwater; integrated approach; nitrogen; nutrient cycling; nutrient use efficiency; phosphorus; quantitative analysis; recycling; rural area; spatiotemporal analysis; surface water; urbanization; Beijing [China]; China; Animalia
来源期刊	Global Environmental Change
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/117729
作者单位	Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Ma L.,Guo J.,Velthof G.L.,et al. Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008[J],2014,28(1).
APA	Ma L..,Guo J..,Velthof G.L..,Li Y..,Chen Q..,...&Zhang F..(2014).Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008.Global Environmental Change,28(1).
MLA	Ma L.,et al."Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008".Global Environmental Change 28.1(2014).