气候变化领域集成服务门户(CCPortal): The cost and distribution of forest conservation for national emissions reductions

CCPortal

DOI	10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.002
	The cost and distribution of forest conservation for national emissions reductions
	Sloan S.; Zamora Pereira J.C.; Labbate G.; Asner G.P.; Imbach P.
发表日期	2018
ISSN	0959-3780
起始页码	39
结束页码	51
卷号	53
英文摘要	Tropical forest conservation for carbon-emission reductions (REDD+) has historically been implemented in a highly localized, directed manner, which is quickly proving unamenable to the transition towards national-scale REDD+ implementation. National REDD+ forest conservation schemes would arguably ideally adopt more spatially dispersed, voluntary and, presumably, cost-efficient modes. Yet the actual benefit of doing so is uncertain, and the prospect of a renewed reliance on familiar, localized conservation schemes cannot be discounted. An ill-designed scheme threatens costly emission reductions and, ultimately, reduced commitments to emission reductions. Here, we integrate spatial projections of forest conversion and degradation with detailed field surveys of land-use revenues to model the cost efficiency of national conservation in Panama corresponding to three emission-reduction schemes: (i) disperse conservation amenable to voluntary, incentivised landholder participation, (ii) locally-concentrated, implicitly exogenous conservation interventions, and (iii) a middle-ground between these two. Each scheme meets national emission-reduction targets (ERTs) of 5–50% of business-as-usual emissions with minimal real land-use opportunity costs accounting for the uncertainties of land-use change. Real absolute opportunity costs are $4–$62 million for a 10% ERT and 20-year horizon but tend towards the lower quarter of this range. These costs are less than previously estimated and more amenable to current REDD+ funding levels, albeit still apparently a challenge to offset given available REDD+ funding and forest carbon-emission rates. While disperse conservation is invariably most economical according to our models, opportunity costs and efficiencies amongst schemes are relatively comparable for ERTs of ≤15%. This suggests that a continued reliance on REDD+ ‘projects’ during early REDD+ implementation may not entail undue inefficiencies. At ERTs of >15%, opportunity costs increase more rapidly than cost efficiencies decrease, albeit less markedly for the disperse conservation scheme, recommending it for intermediate ERTs. Avoided forest degradation underpins emission-reduction efficiencies, particularly for disperse schemes and at lower ERTs, where it accounts for slightly over ∼50% of avoided emissions. Still, conservation schemes preempt forest degradation less often than expected, considering its low economic value and large national extent, highlighting practical limits to efficient ‘spatial targeting’ of specific agricultural systems. Modelled REDD+ conservation occurs disproportionately in indigenous territories, where opportunity costs are low. Hence most projected forest change / land use in indigenous territories is incorporated within conservation schemes by the 20% ERT. This highlights potential equity issues for least-cost conservation as well as the importance of Amerindian participation in national REDD+ schemes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
英文关键词	Conservation; Forest degradation; Opportunity cost; Panama; PES; REDD+; Targeting
学科领域	carbon emission; cost analysis; emission control; environmental degradation; environmental economics; equity; farming system; forest management; land use change; policy implementation; tropical forest; Panama [Central America]
语种	英语
scopus关键词	carbon emission; cost analysis; emission control; environmental degradation; environmental economics; equity; farming system; forest management; land use change; policy implementation; tropical forest; Panama [Central America]
来源期刊	Global Environmental change
文献类型	期刊论文
条目标识符	http://gcip.llas.ac.cn/handle/2XKMVOVA/117090
作者单位	College of Science and Engineering, Center for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia; International Center for Tropical Research and Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica; Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg, 79106, Germany; UN-REDD Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, UN Environment, City of Knowledge, Building 103, Panama City, Panama; Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States; Change, Agriculture and Food Security Unit, The International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Sloan S.,Zamora Pereira J.C.,Labbate G.,et al. The cost and distribution of forest conservation for national emissions reductions[J],2018,53.
APA	Sloan S.,Zamora Pereira J.C.,Labbate G.,Asner G.P.,&Imbach P..(2018).The cost and distribution of forest conservation for national emissions reductions.Global Environmental change,53.
MLA	Sloan S.,et al."The cost and distribution of forest conservation for national emissions reductions".Global Environmental change 53(2018).