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The Environmental Protection Agency says the range of ticks is expanding in correlation with warming temperatures associated with climate change. Other factors supporting an expanding tick population are host species such as deer and white-footed mice, both of which are plentiful throughout Pennsylvania.
That’s why a second study underway at the PA Tick Lab focuses on white-footed mice in four Pennsylvania counties.
“They are one of the reasons Lyme has been spreading,” Chinnici said. “So we’re going to be vaccinating them against ticks and looking at how we can decrease the number of ticks feeding on these mammals, to ultimately reduce the number of ticks we’re seeing in the environment as well as the pathogens we’re seeing in those ticks.”
Chinnici and her research team are calculating the density of ticks in each area to track fluctuations.
The four Pennsylvania counties involved in the study are Monroe and Pike in the northeast and Crawford and Mercer in the northwest. Chinnici said they were strategically chosen: Those regions have the highest reported Lyme cases per 100,000 people. She said they’re working to get grant money to study more regions.
Both studies mark new territory for the lab — a move beyond information gathering and testing, into research.
“Our tick mitigation research is looking at strategies to reduce ticks and tick-borne illnesses,” Chinnici said, “and that’s one of our core missions — to be proactive instead of reactive to the pathogens we’re seeing and getting ahead of the bite.”
Data for the PA Tick Research Lab’s studies comes from a constant stream of old-fashioned letters received in the mail. The contents of those envelopes include ticks sealed in zipped plastic bags, accompanied by a numbered code that identifies that tick sample.
The lab’s website includes instructions on how to remove a tick, send it to the lab, and receive a pathology report (which reveals whether the tick was carrying Lyme or other pathogens) within 72 hours. While testing is free for Pennsylvania residents, there’s a fee for those out-of-state.
Since 2019, the lab has analyzed more than 100,000 ticks discovered by Americans nationwide. Testing relies on genetics and qPCR — the same technology used in COVID-19 tests. The data is available in real time on the website, broken down by state.
In Pennsylvania, 29% of the 65,135 ticks tested to-date were infected with Lyme or other bacteria.
Diagnosing the disease
Eric Huck called Pennsylvania “ground zero” for Lyme disease.
A Mechanicsburg resident, Huck is president and co-founder of the nonprofit PA Lyme Resource Network — an advocacy group for Lyme awareness, education and support. Like the PA Tick Research Lab, it’s partially funded by the state Department of Health. Huck contracted the disease nearly 15 years ago, and as he continues to battle symptoms, he’s also fighting for solutions.
“It’s time — this is such a mature health problem — we need to graduate to the next level by properly treating and diagnosing. Let’s start focusing on the humans. As a state, we’re not quite there — that’s the saber we’re trying to rattle,” Huck said.
That’s why the organization hosted a medical conference, for the fifth year in a row, in March. The event, held in partnership with the International Lyme and Associated Disease Society, was designed to help doctors learn how to diagnose and treat Lyme patients. It attracted 75 medical professionals, primarily from Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic region, who earned continuing education credits.
One of those in attendance — for his third conference — was Dr. Robert Mauss of Gettysburg Osteopathic Family Health Center.
“Repetition is the mother of learning,” said Mauss, who estimated that he’s treated “thousands” of Lyme patients since 2012. His patients hail from a two-hour radius, and most have already been to a half-dozen or more doctors.
“They say, ‘Nobody can find out what’s wrong with me,’” Mauss said. “Many people are walking around with this complex list of symptoms and don’t know they have Lyme.”
Given the seemingly “perfect storm” of environment and climate supporting a plethora of ticks, Pennsylvania doctors may have a special burden to bear when it comes to learning how to diagnose and treat patients with tick-borne diseases.
“The burden is that there’s a lack of proper education for most primary care physicians in Pennsylvania — that’s why Eric Huck and his group are wonderful for what they’re doing,” Mauss said.
Tick-borne diseases are complicated. In addition to Lyme disease, every tick bite has the potential for any combination of nearly 20 additional bacterial strains.
“Ticks’ salivary glands are a pretty dirty place — so while you’ve got to be worried about Lyme, actually there are a lot of other things you could be exposed to,” Mauss said. “Early treatment is important, because the bacteria goes into the body trying to establish a presence. If you kill that bacteria before it gets a foothold, you’ve potentially prevented a lifetime of treatment. That can make a huge difference in the rest of a patient’s life.”
Overall, Chinnici said she’s encouraged by greater awareness of ticks, tick-borne diseases, and the links to climate change, weather and wildlife.
“I would say there are a lot more conversations starting to occur both on the state and federal level, on combating the health crisis as a result of ticks and tick-borne diseases,” she said. “Just five years ago, those conversations weren’t being had… (It) allows us to push for more funding, more research and more answers.”
Part 1 of this story, examining how Pennsylvania’s balance of nature is tipping amid climate change, and how collaborative research is mapping out wildlife’s future, is here.
More Information
The PA Lyme Resource Network maintains a referral list of Lyme Literate Medical Doctors (LLMDs) within the state, and presents educational programs, Dare 2B Tick Aware, aimed at Lyme and tick-borne disease prevention. Eric Huck, president and co-founder of the nonprofit PA Lyme Resource Network, said these programs are the nonprofit’s primary focus, “ongoing always” for two reasons: Prevention can literally save the lives of Pennsylvanians. And, Pennsylvania’s flourishing tick population means Lyme and tick-borne diseases are medical issues we’ll continue grappling with for years to come.
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